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Introduction
Preface
Chapter 1. The Study of Life
1.1 The Science of Biology
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Diversity in Science Resources
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 2. The Chemical Foundation of Life
2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
2.2 Water
2.3 Carbon
Chapter 3. Biological Macromolecules
3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
3.2 Carbohydrates
3.3 Lipids
3.4 Proteins
3.5 Nucleic Acids
4. Cell Structure
4.1 Studying Cells
4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
4.5 The Cytoskeleton
4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
5. Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
5.1 Components and Structure
5.2 Passive Transport
5.3 Active Transport
5.4 Bulk Transport
Chapter 6 - Metabolism
6.1 Energy and Metabolism
6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
6.5 Enzymes
Chapter 7 - Cellular Respiration
7.1 Energy in Living Systems
7.2 Glycolysis
7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation
7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration
Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis
8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
8.3 Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules
Chapter 9 - Cell Communication
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
9.2 Propagation of the Signal
9.3 Response to the Signal
9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
Chapter 10 - Cell Reproduction
10.1 Cell Division
10.2 The Cell Cycle
10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
Chapter 11 - Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
11.1 The Process of Meiosis
11.2 Sexual Reproduction
Chapter 12 - Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
12.2 Characteristics and Traits
12.3 Laws of Inheritance
Chapter 13 - Modern Understandings of Inheritance
13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
Chapter 14 - DNA Structure and Function
14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing
14.3 Basics of DNA Replication
14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
14.6 DNA Repair
Chapter 15 - Genes and Proteins
15.1 The Genetic Code
15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
Chapter 16 - Gene Expressions
16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
16.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation
16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
Chapter 17 - Biotechnology and Genomics
17.1 Biotechnology
17.2 Mapping Genomes
17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
17.4 Applying Genomics
17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
Chapter 18 - Evolution and the Origin of the Species
18.1 Understanding Evolution
18.2 Formation of New Species
18.3 Reconnection and Speciation Rates
Chapter 19 - The Evolution of Populations
19.1 Population Evolution
19.2 Population Genetics
19.3 Adaptive Evolution
Chapter 20 - Phylogenies and the History of Life
20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
Chapter 21 - Viruses
21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids
Chapter 22 - Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
Chapter 23 - Protists
23.1 Eukaryotic Origins
23.2 Characteristics of Protists
23.3 Groups of Protists
23.4 Ecology of Protists
Chapter 24 - Fungi
24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
24.2 Classifications of Fungi
24.3 Ecology of Fungi
24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
24.5 Importance of Fungi in Human Life
Chapter 25 - Seedless Plants
25.1 Early Plant Life
25.2 Green Algae: Precursors of Land Plants
25.3 Non-Vascular Plants
25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
Chapter 26 - Seed Plants
26.1 Evolution of Seed Plants
26.2 Gymnosperms
26.3 Angiosperms
26.4 The Role of Seed Plants
Chapter 27 - Introduction to Animal Diversity
27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
27.3 Animal Phylogeny
27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
Chapter 28 - Invertebrates
28.1 Phylum Porifera
28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans
28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades
28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
Chapter 29 - Vertebrates
29.1 Chordates
29.2 Fishes
29.3 Amphibians
29.4 Reptiles
29.5 Birds
29.6 Mammals
29.7 The Evolution of Primates
Chapter 30 - Plant Form and Physiology
30.1 The Plant Body
30.2 Stems
30.3 Roots
30.4 Leaves
30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
Chapter 31 - Soil and Plant Nutrition
31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants
31.2 The Soil
31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
Chapter 32 - Plant Reproduction
32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
32.3 Asexual Reproduction
Chapter 33 - Animal Structure and Function
33.1 Animal Form and Function
33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
33.3 Homeostasis
37.2 How Hormones Work
Chapter 43 - Animal Reproduction and Development
43.1 Reproduction Methods
43.2 Fertilization
43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth
43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
43.7 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
Chapter 44 - Ecology and the Biosphere
44.1 The Scope of Ecology
44.2 Biogeography
44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
Chapter 45 - Population and Community Ecology
45.1 Population Demography
45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
45.5 Human Population Growth
45.6 Community Ecology
45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Chapter 46 - Ecosystems
46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
Chapter 47 - Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
47.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
47.4 Preserving Biodiversity
Appendix A - The Periodic Table of Elements
Appendix B - Geological Time
Appendix C - Measurements and the Metric System
Index
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Biology 2e for Biol 111 and Biol 112 Copyright © 2023 by Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.