Key Terms
- acclimatization
- alteration in a body system in response to environmental change
- alteration
- change of the set point in a homeostatic system
- apodeme
- ingrowth of an animal’s exoskeleton that functions as an attachment site for muscles
- asymmetrical
- describes animals with no axis of symmetry in their body pattern
- basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- metabolic rate at rest in endothermic animals
- canaliculus
- microchannel that connects the lacunae and aids diffusion between cells
- cartilage
- type of connective tissue with a large amount of ground substance matrix, cells called chondrocytes, and some amount of fibers
- chondrocyte
- cell found in cartilage
- columnar epithelia
- epithelia made of cells taller than they are wide, specialized in absorption
- connective tissue
- type of tissue made of cells, ground substance matrix, and fibers
- cuboidal epithelia
- epithelia made of cube-shaped cells, specialized in glandular functions
- dorsal cavity
- body cavity on the posterior or back portion of an animal; includes the cranial and vertebral cavities
- ectotherm
- animal incapable of maintaining a relatively constant internal body temperature
- endotherm
- animal capable of maintaining a relatively constant internal body temperature
- epithelial tissue
- tissue that either lines or covers organs or other tissues
- estivation
- torpor in response to extremely high temperatures and low water availability
- fibrous connective tissue
- type of connective tissue with a high concentration of fibers
- frontal (coronal) plane
- plane cutting through an animal separating the individual into front and back portions
- fusiform
- animal body shape that is tubular and tapered at both ends
- hibernation
- torpor over a long period of time, such as a winter
- homeostasis
- dynamic equilibrium maintaining appropriate body functions
- lacuna
- space in cartilage and bone that contains living cells
- loose (areolar) connective tissue
- type of connective tissue with small amounts of cells, matrix, and fibers; found around blood vessels
- matrix
- component of connective tissue made of both living and nonliving (ground substances) cells
- midsagittal plane
- plane cutting through an animal separating the individual into even right and left sides
- negative feedback loop
- feedback to a control mechanism that increases or decreases a stimulus instead of maintaining it
- osteon
- subunit of compact bone
- positive feedback loop
- feedback to a control mechanism that continues the direction of a stimulus
- pseudostratified
- layer of epithelia that appears multilayered, but is a simple covering
- sagittal plane
- plane cutting through an animal separating the individual into right and left sides
- set point
- midpoint or target point in homeostasis
- simple epithelia
- single layer of epithelial cells
- squamous epithelia
- type of epithelia made of flat cells, specialized in aiding diffusion or preventing abrasion
- standard metabolic rate (SMR)
- metabolic rate at rest in ectothermic animals
- stratified epithelia
- multiple layers of epithelial cells
- thermoregulation
- regulation of body temperature
- torpor
- decrease in activity and metabolism that allows an animal to survive adverse conditions
- trabecula
- tiny plate that makes up spongy bone and gives it strength
- transitional epithelia
- epithelia that can transition for appearing multilayered to simple; also called uroepithelial
- transverse (horizontal) plane
- plane cutting through an animal separating the individual into upper and lower portions
- ventral cavity
- body cavity on the anterior or front portion of an animal that includes the thoracic cavities and the abdominopelvic cavities