- anther
- sac-like structure at the tip of the stamen in which pollen grains are produced
- Anthophyta
- phylum to which angiosperms belong
- barcoding
- molecular biology technique in which one or more short gene sequences taken from a well-characterized portion of the genome is used to identify a species
- basal angiosperms
- a group of plants that probably branched off before the separation of monocots and eudicots
- calyx
- whorl of sepals
- carpel
- single unit of the pistil
- conifer
- dominant phylum of gymnosperms with the greatest variety of trees
- corolla
- collection of petals
- cotyledon
- primitive leaf that develops in the zygote; monocots have one cotyledon, and dicots have two cotyledons
- crop
- cultivated plant
- cycad
- gymnosperm that grows in tropical climates and resembles a palm tree; member of the phylum Cycadophyta
- dicot
- (also, eudicot) related group of angiosperms whose embryos possess two cotyledons
- dioecious
- describes a species in which the male and female reproductive organs are carried on separate specimens
- filament
- thin stalk that links the anther to the base of the flower
- flower
- branches specialized for reproduction found in some seed-bearing plants, containing either specialized male or female organs or both male and female organs
- fruit
- thickened tissue derived from ovary wall that protects the embryo after fertilization and facilitates seed dispersal
- ginkgophyte
- gymnosperm with one extant species, the Ginkgo biloba: a tree with fan-shaped leaves
- gnetophyte
- gymnosperm shrub with varied morphological features that produces vessel elements in its woody tissues; the phylum includes the genera Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia
- gymnosperm
- seed plant with naked seeds (seeds exposed on modified leaves or in cones)
- gynoecium
- (also, carpel) structure that constitutes the female reproductive organ
- heirloom seed
- seed from a plant that was grown historically, but has not been used in modern agriculture on a large scale
- herbaceous
- grass-like plant noticeable by the absence of woody tissue
- herbivory
- consumption of plants by insects and other animals
- integument
- layer of sporophyte tissue that surrounds the megasporangium, and later, the embryo
- megasporocyte
- megaspore mother cell; larger spore that germinates into a female gametophyte in a heterosporous plant
- microsporocyte
- smaller spore that produces a male gametophyte in a heterosporous plant
- monocot
- related group of angiosperms that produce embryos with one cotyledon and pollen with a single ridge
- monoecious
- describes a species in which the male and female reproductive organs are on the same plant
- nectar
- liquid rich in sugars produced by flowers to attract animal pollinators
- ovary
- chamber that contains and protects the ovule or female megasporangium
- ovulate cone
- cone containing two ovules per scale
- ovule
- female gametophyte
- perianth
- part of the plant consisting of the calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals)
- petal
- modified leaf interior to the sepals; colorful petals attract animal pollinators
- pistil
- fused group of carpels
- pollen grain
- structure containing the male gametophyte of the plant
- pollen tube
- extension from the pollen grain that delivers sperm to the egg cell
- pollination
- transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
- progymnosperm
- transitional group of plants that resembled conifers because they produced wood, yet still reproduced like ferns
- seed
- structure containing the embryo, storage tissue, and protective coat
- sepal
- modified leaf that encloses the bud; outermost structure of a flower
- spermatophyte
- seed plant; from the Greek sperm (seed) and phyte (plant)
- stamen
- structure that contains the male reproductive organs
- stigma
- uppermost structure of the carpel where pollen is deposited
- strobilus
- plant structure with a tight arrangement of sporophylls around a central stalk, as seen in cones or flowers; the male strobilus produces pollen, and the female strobilus produces eggs
- style
- long, thin structure that links the stigma to the ovary