Review Questions for Learning
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Multiple-Choice Questions
1. Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?
- child riding a bike
- teen socializing
- infant sucking on a nipple
- toddler walking
2. Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour that ________.
- is innate
- occurs as a result of experience
- is found only in humans
- occurs by observing others
3. Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.
- classical conditioning; operant conditioning
- classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning
- operant conditioning; observational learning
- operant conditioning; learning conditioning
4. In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behaviour and then gets paired with the behaviour.
- associative learning
- observational learning
- operant conditioning
- classical conditioning
5. A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.
- unconditioned stimulus
- neutral stimulus
- conditioned stimulus
- unconditioned response
6. In Watson and Rayner’s experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.
- higher order conditioning
- acquisition
- stimulus discrimination
- stimulus generalization
7. Extinction occurs when ________.
- the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
- the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus
- the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
- the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus
8. In Pavlov’s work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.
- unconditioned responses
- conditioned responses
- unconditioned stimuli
- conditioned stimuli
9. ________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behaviour.
- positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
- positive punishment
- negative punishment
10. Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?
- food
- money
- water
- sex
11. Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behaviour is ________.
- shaping
- extinction
- positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
12. Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?
- fixed ratio
- variable ratio
- fixed interval
- variable interval
13. The person who performs a behaviour that serves as an example is called a ________.
- teacher
- model
- instructor
- coach
14. In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.
- ignored the doll
- played nicely with the doll
- played with tinker toys
- kicked and threw the doll
15. Which is the correct order of steps in the modelling process?
- attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
- motivation, attention, reproduction, retention
- attention, motivation, retention, reproduction
- motivation, attention, retention, reproduction
16. Who proposed observational learning?
- Ivan Pavlov
- John Watson
- Albert Bandura
- B. F. Skinner
Critical Thinking Questions
Personal Application Questions