Key Terms for Motivation and Emotion
- anorexia nervosa
- eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise
- basolateral complex
- part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory
- binge eating disorder
- type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating and associated distress
- bisexual
- emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals
- body language
- emotional expression through body position or movement
- bulimia nervosa
- type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging
- Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
- physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time
- central nucleus
- part of the brain involved in attention and has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems’ activity
- cognitive-mediational theory
- our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus
- components of emotion
- physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience
- cultural display rule
- one of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of emotions that are acceptable
- distorted body image
- individuals view themselves as overweight even though they are not
- drive theory
- deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behaviour to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis
- emotion
- subjective state of being often described as feelings
- excitement
- phase of the sexual response cycle that involves sexual arousal
- extrinsic motivation
- motivation that arises from external factors or rewards
- facial feedback hypothesis
- facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions
- gender dysphoria
- diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify as the gender associated with their biological sex
- gender identity
- individual’s sense of having a particular gender
- habit
- pattern of behaviour in which we regularly engage
- heterosexual
- emotional and erotic attractions to opposite-sexed individuals
- hierarchy of needs
- spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization
- homosexual
- emotional and erotic attractions to same-sexed individuals
- instinct
- species-specific pattern of behaviour that is unlearned
- intrinsic motivation
- motivation based on internal feelings rather than external rewards
- James-Lange theory of emotion
- emotions arise from physiological arousal
- leptin
- satiety hormone
- metabolic rate
- amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time
- motivation
- wants or needs that direct behaviour toward some goal
- orgasm
- peak phase of the sexual response cycle associated with rhythmic muscle contractions (and ejaculation)
- overweight
- adult with a BMI between 25 and 29.9
- plateau
- phase of the sexual response cycle that falls between excitement and orgasm
- polygraph
- lie detector test that measures physiological arousal of individuals as they answer a series of questions
- refractory period
- time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm
- resolution
- phase of the sexual response cycle following orgasm during which the body returns to its unaroused state
- satiation
- fullness; satisfaction
- Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion
- emotions consist of two factors: physiological and cognitive
- self-efficacy
- individual’s belief in their own capabilities or capacities to complete a task
- set point theory
- assertion that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change
- sexual orientation
- one’s emotional and erotic attraction to others
- sexual response cycle
- divided into 4 phases including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
- hormone therapy
- use of hormones to change the appearance of one’s body, often used to treat gender dysphoria
- Yerkes-Dodson law
- simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex tasks are best performed when arousal is lower