Key Terms for Psychological Disorders
- Adaptive information processing model of PTSD
suggests that past trauma can continue to cause emotional distress if the memory of that trauma is not fully processed
- agoraphobia
- anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack
alterations in arousal and reactivity
one of the four categories of PTSD symptoms; include irritability or aggression, increased risk-taking, hyper-vigilance, jumpiness, and difficulty with concentration or sleep
- antisocial personality disorder
- characterized by a lack of regard for others’ rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
- anxiety disorder
- characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behaviour
- attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- childhood disorder characterized by inattentiveness and/or hyperactive, impulsive behaviour
- atypical
- describes behaviours or feelings that deviate from the norm
- autism spectrum disorder
- childhood disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, and repetitive patterns of behaviour or interests
avoidance symptoms
one of the four categories of PTSD; occur when the individual avoids stimuli or thoughts and feelings associated with the trauma
- bipolar and related disorders
- group of mood disorders in which mania is the defining feature
- bipolar disorder
- mood disorder characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
- body dysmorphic disorder
- involves excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance
- borderline personality disorder
- instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as impulsivity; key features include intolerance of being alone and fear of abandonment, unstable relationships, unpredictable behaviour and moods, and intense and inappropriate anger
- catatonic behaviour
- decreased reactivity to the environment; includes posturing and catatonic stupor
- comorbidity
- co-occurrence of two disorders in the same individual
complex PTSD (C-PTSD)
a variant of PTSD included in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) but it has yet to be included in the DSM
- delusion
- belief that is contrary to reality and is firmly held, despite contradictory evidence
- depersonalization/derealization disorder
- dissociative disorder in which people feel detached from the self (depersonalization), and the world feels artificial and unreal (derealization)
- depressive disorder
- one of a group of mood disorders in which depression is the defining feature
- diagnosis
- determination of which disorder a set of symptoms represents
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
- authoritative index of mental disorders and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA)
- diathesis-stress model
- suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder (a diathesis) are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress; model of psychopathology
- disorganized thinking
- disjointed and incoherent thought processes, usually detected by what a person says
- disorganized/abnormal motor behaviour
- highly unusual behaviours and movements (such as child-like behaviours), repeated and purposeless movements, and displaying odd facial expressions and gestures
- dissociative amnesia
- dissociative disorder characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience
- dissociative disorders
- group of DSM-5 disorders in which the primary feature is that a person becomes dissociated, or split off, from his or her core sense of self, resulting in disturbances in identity and memory
- dissociative fugue
- symptom of dissociative amnesia in which a person suddenly wanders away from one’s home and experiences confusion about his or her identity
- dissociative identity disorder
- dissociative disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) in which a person exhibits two or more distinct, well-defined personalities or identities and experiences memory gaps for the time during which another identity emerged
- dopamine hypothesis
- theory of schizophrenia that proposes that an overabundance of dopamine or dopamine receptors is responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia
- etiology
- cause or causes of a psychological disorder
- flashback
- psychological state lasting from a few seconds to several days, during which one relives a traumatic event and behaves as though the event were occurring at that moment
- flight of ideas
- symptom of mania that involves an abruptly switching in conversation from one topic to another
- generalized anxiety disorder
- characterized by a continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension
- grandiose delusion
- characterized by beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important
- hallucination
- perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation, such as the auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) common to schizophrenia
- harmful dysfunction
- model of psychological disorders resulting from the inability of an internal mechanism to perform its natural function
- hoarding disorder
- characterized by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or usefulness
- hopelessness theory
- cognitive theory of depression proposing that a style of thinking that perceives negative life events as having stable and global causes leads to a sense of hopelessness and then to depression
intrusion symptoms
one of the four categories of PTSD symptoms; occur when the traumatic event is re-experienced through memories, nightmares, flashbacks, and emotional or physical reactivity after exposure to stimuli associated with the trauma
- International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
- authoritative index of mental and physical diseases, including infectious diseases, and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the World Health Organization (WHO)
Learning and Cognitive Processing Model of PTSD
suggests that some symptoms are developed and maintained through classical conditioning
- locus coeruleus
- area of the brainstem that contains norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the body’s fight-or-flight response; has been implicated in panic disorder
- major depressive disorder
- commonly referred to as “depression” or “major depression,” characterized by sadness or loss of pleasure in usual activities, as well other symptoms
- mania
- state of extreme elation and agitation
- manic episode
- period in which an individual experiences mania, characterized by extremely cheerful and euphoric mood, excessive talkativeness, irritability, increased activity levels, and other symptoms
- mood disorder
- one of a group of disorders characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions; the categories of mood disorders listed in the DSM-5 are bipolar and related disorders and depressive disorders
negative alterations in cognitions and mood
one of the four categories of PTSD symptoms; involve pervasive negative mood, feelings of isolation, extreme negative beliefs about the self or the world, and problems with memory, often specific to trauma related memories
- negative symptom
- characterized by decreases and absences in certain normal behaviours, emotions, or drives, such as an expressionless face, lack of motivation to engage in activities, reduced speech, lack of social engagement, and inability to experience pleasure
- neurodevelopmental disorder
- one of the disorders that are first diagnosed in childhood and involve developmental problems in academic, intellectual, social functioning
- obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
- group of overlapping disorders listed in the DSM-5 that involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and/or repetitive behaviours
- obsessive-compulsive disorder
- characterized by the tendency to experience intrusive and unwanted thoughts and urges (obsession) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviours or mental acts (compulsions) in response to the unwanted thoughts and urges
- orbitofrontal cortex
- area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making
- panic attack
- period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly; symptoms of panic attacks are both physiological and psychological
- panic disorder
- anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behaviour related to the attacks
- paranoid delusion
- characterized by beliefs that others are out to harm them
- peripartum onset
- subtype of depression that applies to those who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth
- persistent depressive disorder
- depressive disorder characterized by a chronically sad and melancholy mood
- personality disorder
- group of DSM-5 disorders characterized by an inflexible and pervasive personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of one’s culture and causes distress and impairment; people with these disorders have a personality style that frequently brings them into conflict with others and disrupts their ability to develop and maintain social relationships
- posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- experiencing a profoundly traumatic event leads to a constellation of symptoms that include intrusive and distressing memories of the event, avoidance of stimuli connected to the event, negative emotional states, feelings of detachment from others, irritability, proneness toward outbursts, hypervigilance, and a tendency to startle easily; these symptoms must occur for at least one month
- prodromal symptom
- in schizophrenia, one of the early minor symptoms of psychosis
- psychological disorder
- condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
- psychopathology
- study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, causes, and treatment; manifestation of a psychological disorder
- rumination
- in depression, tendency to repetitively and passively dwell on one’s depressed symptoms, their meanings, and their consequences
- safety behaviour
- mental and behaviour acts designed to reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes; common in social anxiety disorder
- schizophrenia
- severe disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behaviour with symptoms that include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and behaviour, and negative symptoms
- seasonal pattern
- subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year
- social anxiety disorder
- characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which one could potentially be evaluated negatively by others
- somatic delusion
- belief that something highly unusual is happening to one’s body or internal organs
- specific phobia
- anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
- suicidal ideation
- thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt
- suicide
- death caused by intentional, self-directed injurious behaviour
- supernatural
- describes a force beyond scientific understanding
- ventricle
- one of the fluid-filled cavities within the brain