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17 Appendix

Orders of magnitude

 

Number Power of 10 Name Prefix

(symbol)

Example in biology (approx)
0.000000000000000001 10-18 Quintillionth atto- (a)
0.000000000000001 10-15 Quadrillionth femto- (f)
0.000000000001 10-12 Trillionth pico- (p)
0.000000001 10-9 Billionth nano- (n) 20 nanometers = synapse length
0.000001 10-6 Millionth micro- (µ) 10 micrometers = neuron diameter
0.001 10-3 Thousandth milli- (m) 2 milliseconds = duration of action potential
1 100 1.7 meters = height of a human
1,000 103 Thousand kilo- (k) 20 kilohertz = highest pitch humans can hear
1,000,000 106 Million mega- (M)
1,000,000,000 109 Billion giga- (G) 86 billion = neurons in the brain
1,000,000,000,000 1012 Trillion tera- (T) 150 trillion = synapses in the brain
1,000,000,000,000,000 1015 Quadrillion peta- (P)
1,000,000,000,000,000,000 1018 Quintillion exa- (E)

 

 

 

Measurement Unit (short) Examples
Length Meters (m) Length of wavelength of visible light: 500 nanometers Length of a typical neuron: 20 micrometers

Height of a typical human: 1.7 meters

Volume Liters (L) Volume of cytoplasm in a single spin: 0.1 femtoliters Volume of CSF in ventricles: 150 milliliters
Weight Grams (g) Weight of typical brain: 1.3 kilograms

Weight of typical grown adult human: 70 kilograms

Time Second (s) Duration of action potential: 2 millisecond
Velocity Meters per second (m/s) Speed of slow action potential propagation: 0.1 m/s Speed of fast action potential propagation: 100 m/s
Concentration Molar (M) Calcium ion concentraion in cell: 100 nanomolar Sodium ion concentration in ACSF: 140 millimolar
Temperature Celsuis (C) Kelvin (K) Freezing point of water: 0 Celsius or 273 Kelvin Typical body temperature: 37 Celsius or 310 Kelvin
Electrical potential Volts (V) Charge of a typical neuron: -70 millivolts
Current Ampere (A) Current passing through single ion channel: 5 picoamps
Resistance Ohm (Ω) Typical input resistance of neuron: 200 megaohms
Conductance Siemens (S) Conductance through single ion channel: 10 picosiemens
Capacitance Farad (F) Capacitance in neuron: 100 picofarads
Magnetic field Tesla (T) Strength of fMRI machine: 5 Tesla
Frequency Hertz (Hz) Range of human hearing: 20 Hertz to 20 kilohertz
Loudness Decibels (dB) Pain threshold: 130 dB Conversation: 65 dB

 

Neurotransmitters and their receptors

 

Ionotropic receptors                            Excitatory

 

Metabotropic receptors                       Inhibitory

 

 

 

Acetylcholine

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Endocannabinoids

 

 

 

Adenosine

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brodmann areas and functions

 

 

Brodmann area Name Function
1, 2, 3 Primary somatosensory cortex (S1) Touch sensory and perception
4 Primary motor cortex (M1) Voluntary motor control
5 Superior parietal lobule Identification of objects based on somato- sensory cues (stereognosis)
6 Premotor; supplemental motor Limb movement planning
7 Posterior parietal association area Integration of visual and motor
8 Frontal eye fields Visual perception and motor, saccades
9, 46 Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex High order executive functions
10 Anterior prefrontal cortex High order executive functions
11, 12 Orbitofrontal area Emotion, decision making
13, 14, 16 Insular cortex Emotion, empathy, taste, homeostasis
15 Anterior temporal lobe Social knowledge and memories
17 Primary visual cortex (V1) Vision, pattern recognition
18 Secondary visual cortex (V2) Vision, illusory contours
19 Associative visual cortices Vision, color, motion, depth
20 Inferior temporal gyrus Visual memory, face perception
21 Middle temporal gyrus Visual memory, emotional recognition
22 Superior temporal gyrus Language comprehension, attention, hear- ing
23, 31 Posterior cingulate cortex Emotions
24, 32, 33 Anterior cingulate cortex Emotions, attention, decision making
25 Subgenual area Inhibition of emotion, decision making
26 Ectosplenial area Emotions
27 Presubiculum Emotions, head direction
28, 34 Entorhinal cortex Memory, navigation, smell, emotions
29, 30 Retrosplenial cortex Memory, navigation
35, 36 Perirhinal cortex Perception, memory
37 Fusiform gyrus Facial processing, perception
38 Temporopolar area Socio-emotional processing, smell
39 Angular gyrus Reading, speech, perception
40 Supramarginal gyrus Language perception and processing
41, 42 Auditory cortex (A1) Hearing
43 Gustatory cortex Taste
44, 45, 47 Broca’s area Language, movement planning, cognition
48 Retrosubicular area Memory
49 Parasubicular area Navigation
52 Parainsular area

 

Location of Brodmann areas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lateral view

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Midsagittal view

 

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cholinergic_synapse.svg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_Brodmann_areas_(K._Brodmann,_1909,_p._131,_Fig._85-86).jpg

 

The Open Neuroscience Initiative is funded by a grant from the Vincentian Endowment Fund of DePaul University.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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Open Neuroscience Initiative Copyright © by Erin Mazerolle and Sherry Neville-MacLean is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.