9 PUBH 5117 Health Care Emergency Preparedness

Module 1

• Active Threat – what to do and how to prepare (Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency, US)
• Making health facilities safe in emergencies and disasters (WHO)
• At a glimpse (Youtube Video)
  • PrepTalks: Dr. Sheri Fink “Healthcare Emergency Preparedness and Response”

• Patient prioritization

  • What are the ethical issues on patient prioritization in COVID-19? (WHO)
  • Resource-based patient prioritization in mass-casualty incidents (PDF) (Full Article)
    • Mills, A. F., Argon, N. T., & Ziya, S. (2013). Resource-based patient prioritization in mass-casualty incidents. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 15(3), 361-377. https://ziya.web.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/15166/2018/02/Mills-Argon-Ziya-2013.pdf
• More on Social Emergency – Social EM: What it is and Why it Matters (PDF) (America Academy of Emergency Medicine)
• Global Trends and The Threat to Canada (Government of Canada)

• Emerging Trends in Terrorism and Threats Faced by Canada (Government of Canada)

• Journal Article

  Anthropogenic processes, natural hazards, and interactions in a multi-hazard framework (PDF) (Full Article)

  • Gill, J. C., & Malamud, B. D. (2017). Anthropogenic processes, natural hazards, and interactions in a multi-hazard framework. Earth-Science Reviews, 166, 246-269. https://www.unisdr.org/preventionweb/files/52675_1s2.0s0012825216302227main.pdf

   

Module 2

• Health Hazard

  • Useful tools:

    • Health Hazard Response Protocol, 2019 (PDF) (Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, On)

• • • Infection Prevention and Control Protocol, 2019 (PDF) (Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, On)

• • • More protocol and guidelines:
      • Ontario Public Health Standards: Protocols and Guidelines (Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, On)

1. 1. • Emergency Preparedness (Public Health Ontario)

• • Public Health Emergency Response Guide for State, Local, and Tribal Public Health Directors (CDC)
  • Environmental Health Emergency Response Guide (PDF) (CDC) 
  • Emergency Management Planning (Public Safety Canada)

  • Pillars of Emergency Management

    • Emergency Management in the United States (PDF) (Emergency Management Institute, US)
      • with exercises to test your knowledge!
  • Further details on Human Health Risk Assessment (EPA, US) 

Module 3

• Federal Policy for Emergency Management (Public Safety Canada)
• An Emergency Management Framework for Canada – Third Edition (Public Safety Canada)

• Federal Emergency Act:

  • Infographics of Federal Emergency Act
  • Canada’s Emergencies Act – in details
  • Emergencies Act: The federal law
  • Emergencies Act (The Canadian Encyclopedia)

• Provincial Emergency Act (NS):

  • The Law:
    • Provinical Emergency Act (PDF) 
  • Municipal Government Act (PDF)
  • Provincial States of Emergency (NS)
  • Incident Management System (Ready.gov, US)
  • Incident Command System Training Documents (PDF) (Emerfency Management Institute)

Module 4

• Emergency Social Services Guidelines (PDF) (Government of Manitoba) 

• Disaster Responses:

  • Halifax Explosion – in details:
    • Think Like a Historian: The Halifax Explosion Education Guide (PDF) (Historica Canada)
  • Halifax Explosion and Health Care (Nova Scotia Health)
  • Other examples? Do you know a fire accident might have been contributed to the sink of Titanic? Perhaps OHS related! Check this video out:

Module 5

• ICS refer to Module 3
• Requesting resources:
  • Via Emergency Management Office (NS) 
  • Joint Emergency Operations Centre Ready When Needed since 2001 (NS)
  • Government Operations Centre (Federal) (Public Safety Canada)
  • The Canadian Armed Forces Responding to Domestic Emergencies: Some Implications (Liberty of Parliament)

Module 6

• About Resilience (American Psychological Association) 
• Vulnerable group
  • Planning for an Emergency: Strategies for Identifying and Engaging At-Risk Groups (PDF) (CDC)
• More on social determinants of health
  • What are the social determinants of health? (Canadian Public Health Association)
  • WHO Social determinants of health 
• Racism:
  • Core Concepts (RacialEquityTool.org)
    1. Racial Equity
    2. Race, Ethnicity, and Indigeneity
    3. Racism
    4. Structural Racism
    5. Systems Thinking
    6. Decolonization Theory and Practice
    7. System of White Supremacy and White Privilege
    8. Internalized Racism
    9. Theory
    10. Intersectionality

  • Journal Article

    The Intergenerational Impact of Structural Racism and Cumulative Trauma on Depression (Full Article)

    • Hankerson, S. H., Moise, N., Wilson, D., Waller, B. Y., Arnold, K. T., Duarte, C., … & Shim, R. (2022). The intergenerational impact of structural racism and cumulative trauma on depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 179(6), 434-440. https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.21101000

• Community-Wide Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (CVCA) (PDF) (Government of Canada) 
• Disasters:
  • Types of Emergencies (Red Cross)
    • and what to do
• Overview of Disaster Epidemiology (CDC Short Course)

Module 7

• Effective Public Health Messaging

  • Communication inequalities influencing Public Health Emergency Preparedness (PHEP)

    • Journal Articles

      • What have we learned about communication inequalities during the H1N1 pandemic: a systematic review of the literature (PDF) (Full Article)
        • Lin, L., Savoia, E., Agboola, F., & Viswanath, K. (2014). What have we learned about communication inequalities during the H1N1 pandemic: a systematic review of the literature. BMC public health, 14(1), 1-13.
      • What influences people’s responses to public health messages for managing risks and preventing infectious diseases? A rapid systematic review of the evidence and recommendations (Full Article)
        • Ghio, D., Lawes-Wickwar, S., Tang, M. Y., Epton, T., Howlett, N., Jenkinson, E., … & Keyworth, C. (2021). What influences people’s responses to public health messages for managing risks and preventing infectious diseases? A rapid systematic review of the evidence and recommendations. BMJ open, 11(11), e048750. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/11/e048750

• ICS Structures to Meet Your Communication Needs
  • Please refer to ICS at Module 3
• EOH Fundamentals: Risk Communication (PDF) (Public Health Ontario)
• Risk Communication Guide  (DOCX)(enHealth, Australia)
  • When hazard is high and outrage is low, the task is “precaution advocacy” – alerting calm people to serious hazards. “Watch out!”
  • When hazard is low and outrage is high, the task is “outrage management” – reassuring excessively upset people about small or low level hazards. “We’re listening”.
• A Framework for Strategic Risk Communications Within the Context of Health Canada and the PHAC’s Integrated Risk Management (Government of Canada)
• Health Communication PLAYBOOK – Resources to Help You Create Effective Materials (PDF) (CDC)
• Social media to reach your audience and partners (National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools)
• CDC Social Media Tools, Guidelines & Best Practices

Module 8

• Environmental health in emergencies and disasters: a practical guide (WHO)
• About drinking water advisories (Government of Canada)
• Food Safety in a Disaster or Emergency – Before During and After (Food Safety, US)
  • It includes a poster to download for easy reference.
• A Guide to Food Safety in Emergencies (Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection)
• Learn How to Shelter in Place (CDC)
• Comfort Centres, Halifax (Halifax Municpal Government)
• Disaster and Mental Health Imapcts:
  • How Do Natural Disasters Affect Mental Health? (Public Health Degrees)

• • The Social and Political Impact of Natural Disasters (PDF) (Uppsala University, Sweden)
  • PTSD – Join a Study (NIH, US)

  • Journal Aritcles

    • Psychological Impacts of Natural Disasters (PDF) (Full Article)
      • Shultz, J. M., Neria, Y., Allen, A., & Espinel, Z. (2013). Psychological impacts of natural disasters. Encyclopedia of natural hazards, 779-791. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237012116_Psychological_Impacts_of_Natural_Disasters
    • Disaster and its impact on mental health: A narrative review (Full Article)
      • Makwana N. (2019). Disaster and its impact on mental health: A narrative review. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 8(10), 3090–3095. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_893_19

Module 9

• Outbreak Response (CDC)

• See also:

  • Canada’s Foodborne Illness Outbreak Response Protocol (FIORP): A guide to multi-jurisdictional enteric outbreak response (CDC)
  • Leadership During a Pandemic – What Your Municipality Can Do (PDF) (Pan American  Health Organization, WHO)
  • Nova Scotia Outbreak Response Plan – Blank (PDF) (Province of Nova Scotia)
  • CDC’s Division of STD Prevention STD Outbreak Response Plan Guide (PDF) (CDC)
  • WASH Intervention in Disease Outbreak Response (Oxfam)
    • The impacts of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions in disease outbreaks in 51 humanitarian contexts in 19 low and middle-income countries(LMICs).
• Interventions Following a Disaster
  • Refer to
    • Module 6 – Disaster: Red Cross
    • Interventions Following a Disaster (Government of Canada)
• Vector Control
  • CDC’s Vector Control Resources
• National Emergency Strategic Stockpile (Government of Canada)
  • Canada’s National Emergency Stockpile System: time for a new long-term strategy (Canadian Medical Association Journal)

• Vaccine

  • Vaccine Safety (CDC)
  • Learning from COVID-19: How vaccines are developed (Government of Canada)
  • Vaccine hesitancy in Canadian parents (Government of Canada)
  • Is new vaccine safe and effective?

    • Look at the history (Journal Article):

      The Cutter Incident: How America’s First Polio Vaccine Led to a Growing Vaccine Crisis (Full Article)

      • Fitzpatrick M. (2006). The Cutter Incident: How America’s First Polio Vaccine Led to a Growing Vaccine Crisis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 99(3), 156. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1383764/#:~:text=In%20April%201955%20more%20than,polio%20had%20to%20be%20abandoned
  • So…vaccine or not?
    • Newly developed vs well established?
    • Have you learned data interpretation in epidemiology? And how well could you apply to your decision making?
    • As a manager, how would you recommend or reject the vaccination program in your workplace?

Module 10

• Variations in Preparedness Plan

  • Continuity Plan
    • A Guide to Business Continuity Planning (Government of Manitoba)
  • Hazard Specific Plan (Government of BC)
  • All Hazards Plan
    • All-Hazards Risk Assessment
    • All-Hazards Preparedness Guide (PDF) (CDC, 2013)
    • Planning for All Hazards (Connecticus Offical State Website)

• Hazard, Risk, Vulnerability Analysis (HRVA)

  • Risk is commonly calculated by multiplying the likelihood score by the total consequence score, as:
    • Risk = Likelihood x Consequence
    • Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Analysis (Regional District of Nanaimo)
    • Hazard Vulnerability Risk Analysis Tool Kit for Communities  (Docx) (Saskatchewan Publci Safety Agency)
• How to Develop a Multi-Year Training & Exercise (T&E) Plan – A Tool for the Water Sector (PDF) (EPA, US)

• Bioterrorism

  • About Bioterrorism

    Bioterrorism : A Public Health Perspective (Full Article)

    • Das, S., & Kataria, V. K. (2010). Bioterrorism : A Public Health Perspective. Medical journal, Armed Forces India, 66(3), 255–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-1237(10)80051-6

• • Potential Bioterrorism Agents (Baylor College of Medicine)
  • CDC’s Strategic Plan for Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response (PDF) (Public Health Reports)

• What’s more?

  • Healthcare Sector Related:
    • Essential environmental health standards in health care (WHO)
    • Healthcare Workers: Emergency Preparedness and Response (CDC)
    • Health Services Emergency Management Nova Scotia (Government of Nova Scotia)
    • Public Health Emergency Preparedness Framework and Indicators (Public Health Ontario)
    • 10 Keys to Healthcare Emergency Planning (Youtube Video)

• • Emergency Management Training: The Core Participant Guide (PDF) (Emergency Management BC)
  • How to Prepare for the Worst (Some Youtube videos):
    • Preparedness Now – TV Documentary (for Disasters)
    • Preppers in the USA – Emergency supplies, survival kits and bunkers | DW Documentary
    • Preppers: Sweden bracing for the worst | DW Documentary