8 PUBH 5106 Epidemiology

Online Open Book:

• Foundations of Epidemiology 1st Edition (Oregon State University)
• Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice Third Edition – An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CDC)
• Medical Epidemiology, 4e (Access Medicine, McGraw Hill Medical)
• Basic epidemiology 2nd Edition (WHO)

Section 1: Introduction

• Foundations of Epidemiology 1st Edition (Oregon State University)
  • Chapter 1: What is Epidemiology

• Foundations of Epidemiology, the History, Scope and Use of Epidemiology

  • Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice Third Edition – An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CDC) – Lesson 1: Introduction to Epidemiology
    • Section 1: Definition of Epidemiology
    • Section 2: Historical Evolution of Epidemiology
    • Section 3: Uses
    • Section 4: Core Epidemiologic Functions
  • Basic epidemiology 2nd Edition (WHO) (Link in the beginning of the Chapter)
    • Chapter 1 What is epidemiology? (P.1-12)
      1. The historical context (P.1)
      2. Definition, scope, and uses of epidemiology (P.2)
      3. Achievements in epidemiology (P.6)
  • Occupational epidemiology (OSHA)
    • Hazard Recognition
    • Surveillance

• Determinants of Health, Diseases and Their distribution

  • Determinants Of Health

    • Determinants of Health (Healthy People 2020, US)
      • Policymaking
      • Social factors
      • Health services
      • Individual behavior
      • Biology and genetics
    • Determinants Of Health (Simcoe Muskoka District Health Unit, On)

  • Measuring Diseases and Their distribution

    • Basic epidemiology 2nd Edition (WHO) (Link in the beginning of the Chapter)
      • Chapter 2 Measuring Health and Disease (P.15-36)
        1. Measuring disease frequency
        2. Using available information to measure health and disease
        3. Death rate
        4. Morbidity
        5. Comparing disease occurrence
    • Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice Third Edition – An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CDC) – Lesson 1: Introduction to Epidemiology

• • • • Section 5: The Epidemiologic Approach
      • Section 6: Descriptive Epidemiology

Section 2: A Look at Disease

• Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice Third Edition – An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CDC) – Lesson 1: Introduction to Epidemiology
  • Section 8: Concepts of Disease Occurrence
    • Epidemiologic Triad
    • Component causes and causal pies
  • Section 9: Natural History and Spectrum of Disease
  • Section 10: Chain of Infection
    • Reservoir
    • Portal of exit
    • Modes of transmission
    • Portal of Entry
    • Implications for public health
      • Herd immunity
  • Section 11: Epidemic Disease Occurrence
    • Level of disease
      • Sporadic
      • Endemic
      • Epidemic
      • Pandemic
      • Cluster
      • Outbreak
    • Epidemic Patterns
      • Common-source (Point, Continuous, Intermittent)
      • Propagated
      • Mixed
      • Other
• Basic epidemiology 2nd Edition (WHO) (Link in the beginning of the Chapter)
  • Chapter 1 What is epidemiology?
    • Epidemiology and public health (P.4 – P.6)
      • Causation of disease
      • Natural history of disease
      • Health status of populations
      • Evaluating interventions

Section 3: Practical Applications

• Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice Third Edition – An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CDC) – Lesson 1: Introduction to Epidemiology

1. • Section 5: The Epidemiologic Approach

• • • Counts, Divide, Compares
    • Defining a case
    • Components of a case definition for outbreak investigations
    • Criteria in case definitions
    • Modifying case definitions
    • Variation in case definitions
    • Using counts and rates
  • Section 6: Descriptive Epidemiology
    • Time, Place, Person

Section 4: Analytic Epidemiology

• Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice Third Edition – An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CDC) – Lesson 1: Introduction to Epidemiology
  • Section 7: Analytic Epidemiology
    • Experimental studies
    • Observational studies
• Quasi-Experimental Research, in Research Method in Psychology (University of Minnesota)
• Basic epidemiology 2nd Edition (WHO) (Link in the beginning of the Chapter)
  • Chapter 3 Types of Study
    • Observational studies (P.39)
    • Experimental studies (P.39)
    • Observational epidemiology (P.40)
      • Descriptive studies
      • Ecological studies
      • Ecological fallacy
      • Cross-sectional studies (P.44)
      • Case-control studies (P.44)
      • Cohort studies (P.46)
    • Experimental epidemiology (P.49)
      • Randomized controlled trials (P.50)
      • Field trials (P.50)
      • Community trials (P.51)
• Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice Third Edition – An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CDC) – Lesson 3: Measures of Risk
  • Section 1: Frequency Measures
    • Ratio
    • Proportion
    • Rate
  • Section 5: Measures of Association
    • Risk ratio (2 by 2 table)
    • Rate ratio
    • Odds ratio
• Foundations of Epidemiology 1st Edition (Oregon State University)
  • Chapter 4 Introduction to 2 x 2 Tables, Epidemiologic Study Design, and Measures of Association
• Medical Epidemiology, 4e (Access Medicine, McGraw Hill Medical)
  • Chapter 7. Clinical Trials
  • Chapter 8. Cohort Studies
  • Chapter 9. Case–Control Studies

Section 5: Measures of Risk

1. • Foundations of Epidemiology 1st Edition (Oregon State University)
     • Chapter 2 Measures of Disease Frequency

• • • • Prevalence
      • Incidence
      • Incidence Rate
• Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice Third Edition – An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics – Lesson 3: Measures of Risk (CDC)
  • Section 1: Frequency Measures
    • Ratio
    • Proportion
  • Section 2: Morbidity Frequency Measures
    • Incidence proportion or risk
    • Incidence rate or person-time rate (incidence density)
    • Prevalence
  • Section 2: Morbidity Frequency Measures
    • Mortality rate
    • Death-to-case ratio
    • Case-fatality rate
    • Years of potential life lost

Section 6: Data Interpretation

• Basic epidemiology 2nd Edition (WHO) (Link in the beginning of the Chapter)
  • Chapter 3 Types of Study
    • Experimental epidemiology (P.49)
      • Potential errors in epidemiological studies (P.51)
      • Confounding (P.55)
        1. The control of confounding (p.56)
        2. Validity (P.57)
        3. Ethical Issues (P.58)
• Medical Epidemiology, 4e (Access Medicine, McGraw Hill Medical)
  • Chapter 10. Variability & Bias
    • Variability in Medical Research (Precision, Biased)
    • Validity (Internal, External, Types of Bias)
    • Confounding

Section 7: Screening for Disease

• Foundations of Epidemiology 1st Edition (Oregon State University)
  • Chapter 11 Screening and Diagnostic Testing
    • Screening versus Diagnostic Testing
    • Disease Critical Points and Other Things to Understand about Screening
    • Accuracy of Screening and Diagnostic Tests
    • Sensitivity and Specificity
    • Positive and Negative Predictive Values
  • Basic epidemiology 2nd Edition (WHO) (Link in the beginning of the Chapter)
    • Chapter 6 Epidemiology and prevention: chronic noncommunicable diseases
      • Tertiary prevention (P.109)
        • Screening (P.110)
          1. Types of screening
          2. Criteria for screening

• Journal Article

  • Screening in Public Health and Clinical Care: Similarities and Differences in Definitions, Types, and Aims – A Systematic Review (Full Article) (Pub Med Central)
    • Speechley, M., Kunnilathu, A., Aluckal, E., Balakrishna, M. S., Mathew, B., & George, E. K. (2017). Screening in public health and clinical care: similarities and differences in definitions, types, and aims–a systematic review. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 11(3), LE01. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427344/

  1. 1. • Types of screening
        • Case finding and opportunistic screening

  • • • Selective screening and targeted screening:

  • • • Multiphasic screening vs. periodic health examination

   

• Screening in Public Health Practice  (PDF) (Northwest Center for Public Health Practice, US)

• • What Is Screening?
  • The Natural History of Disease

• • Using Screening in Public Health Practice

• • What Makes a Disease Appropriate for Screening?
  • What If a Disease Isn’t Treatable?
  • What Is an Important Public Health Problem?

• • Is the Disease an Important Problem?
  • Is There a Preclinical Phase?

• • Better to Detect Breast Cancer Early?
  • Should We Screen for Breast Cancer?
  • What Makes a Test Suitable for Screening?

• • • Reliability
    • Applicability
    • Acceptability
    • Validity
    • Sensitivity
    • Specificity
    • Predictive Value of a positive/negative test
  • Designing Screening Programs
  • Evaluating Screening Programs
  • What Else Affects Survival of Screened Population?

Section 8: Surveillance

• Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice Third Edition – An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics – Lesson 5: Public Health Surveillance (CDC)

• • Section 2: Purpose and Characteristics of Public Health Surveillance
  • Section 3: Identifying Health Problems for Surveillance

• • Section 4: Identifying or Collecting Data for Surveillance

• • Section 5: Analyzing and Interpreting Data
  • Section 6: Disseminating Data and Interpretations
  • Section 7: Evaluating and Improving Surveillance
• Foundations of Epidemiology 1st Edition (Oregon State University) Chapter 3 Surveillance

• • Notifiable condition
  • Cancer Registries

• • Vital Statistics

• • Survey-Based Surveillance Systems
• Medical Epidemiology, 4e (Access Medicine, McGraw Hill Medical) –
  • Chapter 4. Medical Surveillance
    • Introduction
    • Surveillance of New Diagnoses
    • Rate Comparisons
    • Surveillance of Deaths
    • Age Adjustment
    • Mortality Patterns
    • Premature Loss of Life
    • Surveillance of Risk Factors
• Basic epidemiology 2nd Edition (WHO) (Link in the beginning of the Chapter)
  • Chapter 7 Communicable diseases: epidemiology surveillance and response
    • Surveillance and response (P.127)
      • Definition
      • The scope of surveillance
      • Principles of surveillance
      • Sources of data
      • Surveillance in practice

Section 9: Outbreak investigations

• Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice Third Edition – An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CDC)
  •  Lesson 6: Investigating an Outbreak
    • Section 1: Introduction to Investigating an Outbreak
    • Section 2: Steps of an Outbreak Investigation
• Medical Epidemiology, 4e (Access Medicine, McGraw Hill Medical)
  • Chapter 5. Disease Outbreaks
    • Disease Outbreaks: Introduction
    • The Investigation
    • Food Borne Disease
    • Emerging Infectious Diseases
    • Bioterrorism
• Real Life Examples of Occupational Outbreak Investigation
  • Outbreak Questionnaires and Interviewing Tips  (PDF) Slides (Oregon State Government, US)

  • Examples

    • Occupational Coccidioidomycosis in California: Outbreak Investigation, Respirator Recommendations, and Surveillance Findings (Full Article)
      • Das, R., McNary, J., Fitzsimmons, K., Dobraca, D., Cummings, K., Mohle-Boetani, J., Wheeler, C., McDowell, A., Iossifova, Y., Bailey, R., Kreiss, K., & Materna, B. (2012). Occupational Coccidioidomycosis in California: Outbreak Investigation, Respirator Recommendations, and Surveillance Findings. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 54(5), 564–571. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45010090?seq=1
    • Metal working fluid-associated hypersensitivity pneumonitis: An outbreak investigation and case-control study (Full Article)
      • Fox, J., Anderson, H., Moen, T., Gruetzmacher, G., Hanrahan, L., & Fink, J. (1999). Metal working fluid‐associated hypersensitivity pneumonitis: an outbreak investigation and case‐control study. American journal of industrial medicine, 35(1), 58-67. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199901)35:1%3C58::AID-AJIM8%3E3.0.CO;2-5
    • Outbreak investigation of COVID-19 in hospital food service workers (Full Article)
      • Hale, M., & Dayot, A. (2021). Outbreak investigation of COVID-19 in hospital food service workers. American Journal of Infection Control, 49(3), 396-397. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019665532030777X

     

Section 10: Applying Epidemiology in OHS

• Epidemiology Applied to Occupational Health and Safety (Free Online Video Course offered by Ghent University, Belgium)
• Epidemiological Method Applied to Occupational Health and Safety (ILO Encyclopedia of Occupational Health & Safety, US)

• Journal Aritcles

  Linking complex disease and exposure data—insights from an environmental and occupational health study (PDF) (Full Article) (Nature)

  • Ives, C., Pan, H., Edwards, S. W., Nelms, M., Covert, H., Lichtveld, M. Y., … & Hamilton, C. M. (2022). Linking complex disease and exposure data—insights from an environmental and occupational health study. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 1-5. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-022-00428-7.pdf
•  Know more about global issues:
  • The Global Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases (PDF) (WHO)