Index

Symbols

“degenerate.” 15.1 The Genetic Code

(macroevolution) 19.1 Population Evolution

(microevolution) 19.1 Population Evolution

3′ UTR 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation

5′ cap 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation

5′ UTR 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation

60S ribosomal subunit 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation

7-methylguanosine cap 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes

α-helix 3.4 Proteins

β-pleated sheet 3.4 Proteins

A

A horizon 31.2 The Soil

abdomen 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods

Abduction 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

abiotic 44.1 The Scope of Ecology

aboral madreporite 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia

above-ground biomass 44.2 Biogeography

abscisic acid 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

abscission 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

absorption spectrum 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

abstract 1.1 The Science of Biology

abyssal zone 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

Accessory fruits 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

acclimatization 33.3 Homeostasis

acetyl CoA 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle

acetylcholine 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System

acetylcholinesterase 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

Acid rain 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles

acoelomates 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals

acromegaly 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

acrosomal reactions 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development

Actin 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

Actinopterygii 29.2 Fishes

action potential 35.2 How Neurons Communicate

activation energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy

activators 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

active site 6.5 Enzymes

Active transport 5.3 Active Transport

acute disease 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

adaptation 18.1 Understanding Evolution

adaptive evolution 19.3 Adaptive Evolution

Adaptive immunity 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

adaptive radiation 18.2 Formation of New Species, 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

Addison’s disease 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

Adduction 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

adenosine triphosphate 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate

adenylyl cyclase 37.2 How Hormones Work

adhesion 2.2 Water

adrenal cortex 37.5 Endocrine Glands

adrenal glands 37.5 Endocrine Glands

adrenal medulla 37.5 Endocrine Glands

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

Adventitious 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants

adventitious roots 30.3 Roots

aerobic 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism

aerobic respiration 7.2 Glycolysis

afferent arteriole 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

affinities 42.3 Antibodies

age structure 45.1 Population Demography, 45.5 Human Population Growth

aggregate fruit 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

Aggressive displays 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

Agnatha 29.1 Chordates

air sacs 29.5 Birds

aldosterone 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

aleurone 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

algal bloom 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

alimentary canal 34.1 Digestive Systems

aliphatic hydrocarbons 2.3 Carbon

allantois 29.4 Reptiles

allele frequency 19.1 Population Evolution

alleles 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

allergy 42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System

Allopatric speciation 18.2 Formation of New Species

allopolyploid 18.2 Formation of New Species

allosteric inhibition 6.5 Enzymes

alpha cells 37.5 Endocrine Glands

alteration 33.3 Homeostasis

alveolar P O 2 P O 2 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

alveolar ducts 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

alveolar sacs 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

alveolar ventilation 39.3 Breathing

alveoli 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

Alzheimer’s disease 35.5 Nervous System Disorders

ambulacral (water vascular) system 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia

amino acid-derived hormones 37.1 Types of Hormones

Amino acids 3.4 Proteins

aminoacyl tRNA synthetases 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

aminopeptidase 34.3 Digestive System Processes

ammonia 41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes

ammonification 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism

ammonotelic 41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes

amnion 29.4 Reptiles

amniote embryo 29.4 Reptiles

amniotic egg 29.4 Reptiles

amoebocytes 28.1 Phylum Porifera, 28.1 Phylum Porifera

Amphiarthroses 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

amphibolic 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle

amphiphilic 5.1 Components and Structure

ampullae 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia

ampullae of Lorenzini 29.2 Fishes

amygdala 35.3 The Central Nervous System

Amyloplasts 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

Anabolic 6.1 Energy and Metabolism

anaerobic 7.2 Glycolysis

anaerobic cellular respiration 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen

analogy 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships

analytical model 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

Anaphase 10.2 The Cell Cycle, 10.2 The Cell Cycle

Anatomical dead space 39.3 Breathing

androecium 26.3 Angiosperms, 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

androgens 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

aneuploid 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

angina 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions

angiotensin I 41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions

angiotensin II 41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions

Angular movements 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

anions 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

anoxic 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity

antenna proteins 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

anterior pituitary 37.5 Endocrine Glands

anther 26.3 Angiosperms

antheridium 25.1 Early Plant Life

Anthophyta 26.3 Angiosperms

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) 41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions

antibiotic 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans

antibiotic resistance 17.1 Biotechnology

antibody 42.3 Antibodies

anticodon 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

antigen 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

antigen-presenting cell (APC) 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

antioxidant 41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes

antipodal 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

antiporter 5.3 Active Transport

Anura 29.3 Amphibians

anus 34.1 Digestive Systems

aorta 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

apex consumers 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

aphotic zone 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

apical bud 30.2 Stems

Apical meristems 30.1 The Plant Body

Apocrine glands 29.6 Mammals

Apoda 29.3 Amphibians

apodemes 33.1 Animal Form and Function

apomixis 32.3 Asexual Reproduction

apoptosis 9.3 Response to the Signal, 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

aposematic coloration 45.6 Community Ecology

appendicular skeleton 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

applied science 1.1 The Science of Biology

Appositional growth 38.2 Bone

Aquaporins 5.2 Passive Transport

aquatic biomes 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes

arachnoid mater 35.3 The Central Nervous System

arboreal hypothesis 29.5 Birds

arbuscular mycorrhizae 24.2 Classifications of Fungi

archegonium 25.1 Early Plant Life

archenteron 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia

archosaurs 29.4 Reptiles, 29.5 Birds

arcuate arteries 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

aromatic hydrocarbons 2.3 Carbon

Arteries 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

arterioles 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

articulation 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems, 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

ascending limbs 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

ascocarp 24.2 Classifications of Fungi

Ascomycota 24.2 Classifications of Fungi

ascus 24.2 Classifications of Fungi

Asexual reproduction 43.1 Reproduction Methods

Assimilation 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems

assortative mating 19.2 Population Genetics

Astrocytes 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

Asymmetrical 33.1 Animal Form and Function

asymptomatic infection 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

Atherosclerosis 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

atom 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

atomic mass 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

atomic number 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

ATP 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate

atria 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 37.5 Endocrine Glands

atriopore 29.1 Chordates

atrioventricular valve 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

atrium 29.1 Chordates

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 35.5 Nervous System Disorders

attenuating 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections

Audition 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

auditory ossicles 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

auricle 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 35.5 Nervous System Disorders

autoantibodies 42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System

Autocrine signals 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

autoimmune response 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

Autoimmunity 42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System

Autoinducers 9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms

autonomic nervous system 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System

autopolyploidy 18.2 Formation of New Species

autosomes 12.2 Characteristics and Traits, 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

Auxins 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

avidity 42.3 Antibodies

axial skeleton 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

axillary bud 30.2 Stems

axon 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

axon hillock 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

axon terminals 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

B

B cells 42.1 Innate Immune Response

B horizon 31.2 The Soil

back mutations 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections

background extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

bacteriophage 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding

bacteriophages 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

balanced chemical equation 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

Ball-and-socket joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

Barcoding 26.4 The Role of Seed Plants

bark 30.2 Stems

basal ganglia 35.3 The Central Nervous System

basal metabolic rate (BMR) 33.1 Animal Form and Function

basal nuclei 35.3 The Central Nervous System

basal taxon 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

Basic science 1.1 The Science of Biology

basidia 24.2 Classifications of Fungi

basidiocarp 24.2 Classifications of Fungi

Basidiomycota 24.2 Classifications of Fungi

basidium 24.2 Classifications of Fungi

basilar membrane 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

basophil 42.1 Innate Immune Response

Batesian mimicry 45.6 Community Ecology

bedrock 31.2 The Soil

Behavior 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

Behavioral biology 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

Behavioral isolation 18.2 Formation of New Species

benthic realm 44.4 Aquatic Biomes, 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

beta cells 37.5 Endocrine Glands

bicarbonate buffer system 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids

bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 − ) (HCO 3 − ) 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids

bicuspid valve 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

Bilateral symmetry 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals

Bile 34.1 Digestive Systems

binary (prokaryotic) fission 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division

binomial nomenclature 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

biochemistry 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

biodiversity 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

Biodiversity hotspots 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

bioenergetics 6.1 Energy and Metabolism

Bioethics 1.1 The Science of Biology

biofilm 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity

biogeochemical cycle 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles

Biogeography 44.2 Biogeography, 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

biological community 44.1 The Scope of Ecology

biological macromolecules 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules

Biological nitrogen fixation 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes

biology 1.1 The Science of Biology

bioluminescence 23.3 Groups of Protists

Biomagnification 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems

biomarker 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics

Biomass 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems

biomes 44.2 Biogeography

bioremediation 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes

biosphere 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 44.2 Biogeography

Biotechnology 17.1 Biotechnology, 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes

biotic 44.1 The Scope of Ecology

biotic potential, or rmax 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth

bipolar neurons 36.3 Taste and Smell

birth rate (B) 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth

Black Death 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans

blastocyst 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development

blastomeres 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom

blastopore 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals

blastula 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom

bleaching 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

Blood pressure (BP) 40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation

blood urea nitrogen 41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes

blotting 17.1 Biotechnology

body plan 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom

bolus 34.1 Digestive Systems

Bone remodeling 38.2 Bone

boreal forest 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes

botany 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

bottleneck effect 19.2 Population Genetics

Bowman’s capsule 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

brainstem 35.3 The Central Nervous System

branch point 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

bronchi 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

bronchioles 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

Brumation 29.4 Reptiles

Bryophytes 25.3 Bryophytes

budding 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts, 43.1 Reproduction Methods

buffer zones 47.4 Preserving Biodiversity

Buffers 2.2 Water

bulb 30.2 Stems

bulbourethral gland 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

Bush meat 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity

C

C horizon 31.2 The Soil

CA-MRSA 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans

CAAT box 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription

caecilians 29.3 Amphibians

Calcification 38.2 Bone

calcitonin 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

calorie 2.2 Water

Calvin cycle 8.3 Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules

calyces 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

calyx 26.3 Angiosperms

Cambrian explosion 27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom

camouflage 45.6 Community Ecology

cAMP-dependent kinase (A-kinase) 9.2 Propagation of the Signal

canaliculi 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues

candela 36.5 Vision

canopy 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes

capillaries 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

capillary action 2.2 Water

Capillary beds 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

capsid 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

capsomeres 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

capsule 25.3 Bryophytes

carapace 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods, 29.4 Reptiles

carbaminohemoglobin 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids

carbohydrates 3.2 Carbohydrates

carbon 8.3 Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids

carboxypeptidase 34.3 Digestive System Processes

cardiac cycle 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

Cardiac muscle tissue 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

Cardiomyocytes 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

Carnivores 34.1 Digestive Systems

carotenoids 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

carpus 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

carrier protein 5.2 Passive Transport

carrying capacity, or K 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth

Cartilage 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues

Cartilaginous joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

Casparian strip 30.3 Roots

catabolic 6.1 Energy and Metabolism

catabolite activator protein (CAP) 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

Cations 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

caveolin 5.4 Bulk Transport

cell 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

cell cycle 10.2 The Cell Cycle

cell necrosis 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

cell plate 10.2 The Cell Cycle

cell wall 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells, 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

cell-cycle checkpoints 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle

cell-mediated immune response 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

Cell-surface receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

cellular cloning 17.1 Biotechnology

Cellulose 3.2 Carbohydrates

centimorgans (cM) 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage

central dogma 15.1 The Genetic Code

central vacuole 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

centrioles 10.2 The Cell Cycle

centromere 10.1 Cell Division

centrosome 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

cephalic phase 34.4 Digestive System Regulation

Cephalochordata 29.1 Chordates

cephalothorax 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods, 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods

cerebellum 35.3 The Central Nervous System

cerebral cortex 35.3 The Central Nervous System

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 35.3 The Central Nervous System

channel 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

Channel proteins 5.2 Passive Transport

chaperones 3.4 Proteins

Chargaff’s rules 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding

Charophytes 25.1 Early Plant Life

chelicerae 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods

chemical bonds 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

chemical diversity 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

chemical energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy

Chemical reactions 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

chemical reactivity 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

chemical synapses 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

Chemiosmosis 7.1 Energy in Living Systems

chemoautotrophs 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis, 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems

Chemotrophs 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism

chitin 3.2 Carbohydrates, 28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades

chloride shift 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids

chlorophyll 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

Chlorophyll a 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

chlorophyll b 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

Chlorophytes 25.1 Early Plant Life

chloroplast 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis

Chloroplasts 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

cholecystokinin 34.4 Digestive System Regulation

chondrocytes 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues

Chordata 29.1 Chordates

chorioallantoic placenta 29.6 Mammals

chorion 29.4 Reptiles

choroid plexus 35.3 The Central Nervous System

chromatids 10.1 Cell Division

chromatin 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

chromatophores 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

chromophore 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage

chromosome inversion 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

chromosomes 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells, 10.1 Cell Division

chronic infections 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

chylomicrons 34.3 Digestive System Processes

chyme 34.1 Digestive Systems

chymotrypsin 34.3 Digestive System Processes

Chytridiomycetes 24.2 Classifications of Fungi

chytridiomycosis 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity

cilia 4.5 The Cytoskeleton

cingulate gyrus 35.3 The Central Nervous System

circadian 36.5 Vision

Circumduction 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

cis-acting element 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation

citric acid cycle 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle

cladistics 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships

class 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

classical conditioning 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

Clathrates 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

clathrin 5.4 Bulk Transport

clavicles 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

clay 31.2 The Soil

cleavage 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom

cleavage furrow 10.2 The Cell Cycle

Climate 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

Climate change 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity

climax community 45.6 Community Ecology

cline 19.2 Population Genetics

clitellum 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

clitoris 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

cloaca 29.5 Birds, 43.2 Fertilization

clonal selection 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

closed circulatory system 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System

club mosses 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants

Cnidaria 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria

cnidocyte 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria

cochlea 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

codominance 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

codons 15.1 The Genetic Code

coelom 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals, 28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans, 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia

coelomic pouches 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia

coenzymes 6.5 Enzymes

cofactors 6.5 Enzymes

cognitive learning 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

cohesin 11.1 The Process of Meiosis

cohesion 2.2 Water

coleoptile 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

coleorhiza 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

colinear 15.1 The Genetic Code

Collenchyma cells 30.2 Stems

colloid 37.5 Endocrine Glands

columella 29.5 Birds

Columnar epithelial 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues

commensal 45.6 Community Ecology

Commensalism 24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens

community 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

Compact bone 38.2 Bone

Companion cells 30.2 Stems

competitive exclusion principle 45.6 Community Ecology

competitive inhibition 6.5 Enzymes

complement system 42.1 Innate Immune Response

complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries 17.2 Mapping Genomes

compliance 39.3 Breathing

compound leaf 30.4 Leaves

compounds 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

concentration gradient 5.2 Passive Transport

conceptual model 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

conclusion 1.1 The Science of Biology

condensin proteins 10.2 The Cell Cycle

Conditioned behaviors 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

Condyloid joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

cones 36.5 Vision

Conidiospores 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi

Conifers 26.2 Gymnosperms

conjugation 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Connective tissues 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues

Conservation biogeography 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

conspecifics 44.1 The Scope of Ecology

contig 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing

Continuous variation 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability

Contour feathers 29.5 Birds

contraception 43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth

contractile vacuoles 23.3 Groups of Protists

control group 1.1 The Science of Biology

convergent evolution 18.1 Understanding Evolution

Coral reefs 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

core enzyme 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription

Corms 30.2 Stems

cornea 36.5 Vision

corolla 26.3 Angiosperms

corona 28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans

coronary arteries 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

coronary veins 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

corpus callosum 35.3 The Central Nervous System

cortex 30.2 Stems, 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

Cortical 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

cortical nephrons 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

corticosteroids 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

cortisol 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

cotyledons 26.3 Angiosperms, 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

countercurrent exchanger 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

countercurrent multiplier 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

Courtship displays 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

covalent bonds 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

coxal bones 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

cranial bones 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

cranial nerves 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System

Craniata (or Vertebrata) 29.1 Chordates

cranium 29.1 Chordates

cristae 23.1 Eukaryotic Origins

Crocodilia 29.4 Reptiles

Cross reactivity 42.3 Antibodies

Cross-pollination 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

crossing over 11.1 The Process of Meiosis

crossover 11.1 The Process of Meiosis

Cryogenian period 27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom

cryptobiosis 28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades

Cryptochromes 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

cryptofauna 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

Cuboidal epithelial 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues

Cushing’s disease 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

cuticle 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods, 30.4 Leaves, 30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants

cuttings 32.3 Asexual Reproduction

cyanobacteria 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity

Cycads 26.2 Gymnosperms

cyclic AMP (cAMP) 9.2 Propagation of the Signal

cyclin-dependent kinases 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle

cyclins 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle

cysts 23.2 Characteristics of Protists

Cytogenetic mapping 17.2 Mapping Genomes

cytokine 42.1 Innate Immune Response

cytokinesis 10.2 The Cell Cycle, 10.2 The Cell Cycle

cytokinin 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

cytopathic effects 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

cytoplasm 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

cytoskeleton 4.5 The Cytoskeleton

cytosol 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

D

dead space 39.3 Breathing

dead zone 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles

death rate (D) 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth

decomposers 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism

Deductive reasoning 1.1 The Science of Biology

dehydration synthesis 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules

demographic-based models 45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation

demography 45.1 Population Demography

denaturation 3.4 Proteins

denature 6.5 Enzymes

Dendrites 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

Dendritic cells 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

density-dependent 45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation

density-independent 45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation

dentary 29.6 Mammals

deoxynucleotide 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids

dephosphorylation 7.1 Energy in Living Systems

depolarization 35.2 How Neurons Communicate

Depression 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

Dermal tissue 30.1 The Plant Body

descending 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

Descriptive (or discovery) science 1.1 The Science of Biology

desmosomes 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities

determinate cleavage 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals

detrital food web 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

Deuteromycota 24.2 Classifications of Fungi

Deuterostomes 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals

diabetes insipidus 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

diabetes mellitus 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

diabetogenic effect 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

diacylglycerol (DAG) 9.2 Propagation of the Signal

diaphragm 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

diaphysis 38.2 Bone

Diarthroses 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

diastole 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

Dicer 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation

dicots 26.3 Angiosperms

dideoxynucleotides 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing

Diffusion 5.2 Passive Transport

Digestion 34.3 Digestive System Processes

dihybrid 12.3 Laws of Inheritance

dikaryon 24.2 Classifications of Fungi

dimer 9.2 Propagation of the Signal

dimerization 9.2 Propagation of the Signal

dimorphic 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria

Dinosaurs 29.4 Reptiles

dioecious 26.2 Gymnosperms

dipeptidase 34.3 Digestive System Processes

diphyodonts 29.6 Mammals

diploblasts 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals

diploid 10.1 Cell Division, 11.1 The Process of Meiosis

diplontic 25.1 Early Plant Life

directional selection 19.3 Adaptive Evolution

Disaccharides 3.2 Carbohydrates

discontinuous variation 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability

discussion 1.1 The Science of Biology

Dispersal 18.2 Formation of New Species

dissociation 2.2 Water

distal convoluted tubule (DCT) 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

Distraction displays 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

divergent evolution 18.1 Understanding Evolution

diversifying selection 19.3 Adaptive Evolution

DNA barcoding 47.4 Preserving Biodiversity

DNA fingerprinting 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding

DNA microarrays 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing

dominant lethal 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

Dominant traits 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability

dormancy 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

dorsal cavity 33.1 Animal Form and Function

dorsal hollow nerve cord 29.1 Chordates

Dorsiflexion 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

double circulation 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System

double fertilization 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

down feathers 29.5 Birds

down-regulation 37.2 How Hormones Work

duodenum 34.1 Digestive Systems

dura mater 35.3 The Central Nervous System

E

Eccrine glands 29.6 Mammals

ecdysis 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods, 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods

Ecdysozoa 27.3 Animal Phylogeny

Ecological biogeography 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

Ecological pyramids 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems

Ecology 44.1 The Scope of Ecology

ecosystem 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

ecosystem diversity 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

ecosystem dynamics 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

Ecosystem ecology 44.1 The Scope of Ecology

ecosystem services 47.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life

Ectomycorrhizae 24.3 Ecology of Fungi

ectothermic 33.1 Animal Form and Function

ectotherms 29.4 Reptiles

Ediacaran Period 27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom

effector cells 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

efferent arteriole 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

elastase 34.3 Digestive System Processes

elastic recoil 39.3 Breathing

elastic work 39.3 Breathing

electrocardiogram (ECG) 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

electrochemical gradient 5.3 Active Transport

electrogenic pump 5.3 Active Transport

electrolyte 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance

electrolytes 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

electromagnetic spectrum 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

electron configuration 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

electron microscopes 4.1 Studying Cells

electron orbitals 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

electron transfer 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

electron transport chain 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation, 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

electronegativity 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

Electrons 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

Elements 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

Elevation 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

embryonic mesoderm 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia

embryophytes 25.1 Early Plant Life

Emergent vegetation 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

emerging disease 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans

Emsleyan/Mertensian mimicry 45.6 Community Ecology

Enantiomers 2.3 Carbon

end-Permian extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

endemic disease 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans

endemic species 44.2 Biogeography, 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

endemism 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity

endergonic reactions 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy

endocardium 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

endocarp 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

Endochondral ossification 38.2 Bone

endocrine 34.4 Digestive System Regulation

endocrine cells 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

endocrine glands 37.5 Endocrine Glands

endocrine signals 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

Endocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport

endodermis 30.3 Roots

Endomycorrhizae 24.3 Ecology of Fungi

endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins

endoskeleton 28.1 Phylum Porifera, 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia, 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

endosperm 26.3 Angiosperms, 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

endospermic dicots 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

endosymbiosis 23.1 Eukaryotic Origins

endosymbiotic theory 23.1 Eukaryotic Origins

endotherm 33.1 Animal Form and Function

endotherms 29.4 Reptiles

energy budget 45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection

energy coupling 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate

enhancers 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation

enterocoelom 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia

enterocoely 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals

enthalpy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy

entropy 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics

envelope 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

environmental disturbances 45.6 Community Ecology

Enzyme-linked receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

Enzymes 3.4 Proteins

eosinophil 42.1 Innate Immune Response

Ependymal 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

epicardium 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

epicotyl 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

epidemic 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans

epidermis 30.2 Stems

epigenetic 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression

epilepsy 35.5 Nervous System Disorders

epinephrine 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

epiphyseal plate 38.2 Bone

epiphyses 38.2 Bone

epiphyte 31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants

epiphytes 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes

epistasis 12.3 Laws of Inheritance

Epithelial tissues 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues

epitopes 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

equilibrium 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks, 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

Erythropoietin (EPO) 37.5 Endocrine Glands

esophagus 34.1 Digestive Systems

essential 31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants

essential nutrients 34.2 Nutrition and Energy Production

esthetes 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

estivation 33.1 Animal Form and Function, 44.2 Biogeography

Estrogen 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction

Estuaries 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

ethology 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

Ethylene 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

eucoelomates 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals

eukaryote-first 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree

eukaryotes 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

eukaryotic cells 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2) 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation

Eumetazoa 27.3 Animal Phylogeny

euploid 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

eutrophication 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles

evaporation 2.2 Water

Eversion 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

evolution 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

evolutionary (Darwinian) fitness 19.3 Adaptive Evolution

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) 35.2 How Neurons Communicate

exergonic reactions 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy

exine 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

exocarp 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

Exocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport

exons 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes, 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation

exoskeleton 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

Exotic species 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity

expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

exponential growth 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth

expressed sequence tag (EST) 17.2 Mapping Genomes

extant 25.1 Early Plant Life

Extension 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

external fertilization 43.2 Fertilization

extinct 25.1 Early Plant Life

extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

extinction rates 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

extracellular domain 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

extracellular matrix 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities

extremophiles 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity

F

F1 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability

F2 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability

facial bones 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

facilitated transport 5.2 Passive Transport

FACT 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription

facultative anaerobes 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi

fallout 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles

false negative 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics

falsifiable 1.1 The Science of Biology

family 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

Fecundity 45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection

Feedback inhibition 6.5 Enzymes

femur 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

fermentation 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen

ferns 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants

FEV1/FVC ratio 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

Fibrous connective tissues 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues

fibrous joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

fibrous root system 30.3 Roots

fibula 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

field 36.1 Sensory Processes

filament 26.3 Angiosperms

first messenger 37.2 How Hormones Work

Fission 43.1 Reproduction Methods

fixation 8.3 Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules

fixed action pattern 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

flagella 4.5 The Cytoskeleton

flame cells 28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans, 41.3 Excretion Systems

Flat bones 38.2 Bone

Flexion 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

Flow-resistive 39.3 Breathing

fluid mosaic model 5.1 Components and Structure

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

food chain 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

food web 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

foot 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids, 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

Foraging 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

forced expiratory volume (FEV) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

forearm 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

foreign DNA 17.1 Biotechnology

Forest Stewardship Council 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity

fouling. 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

Foundation species 45.6 Community Ecology

founder effect 19.1 Population Evolution

fovea 36.5 Vision

fragmentation 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia, 43.1 Reproduction Methods

free energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy

free nerve ending 36.2 Somatosensation

frequency-dependent selection 19.3 Adaptive Evolution

frontal lobe 35.3 The Central Nervous System

frontal plane 33.1 Animal Form and Function

FtsZ 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division

Functional groups 2.3 Carbon

functional residual capacity (FRC) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

functional vital capacity (FVC) 39.3 Breathing

furcula 29.5 Birds

fusiform 33.1 Animal Form and Function

fusion 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

G

G-protein 37.2 How Hormones Work

G-protein-linked receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

G0 phase 10.2 The Cell Cycle

G1 checkpoint 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle

G1 phase 10.2 The Cell Cycle

G2 of Interphase 10.2 The Cell Cycle

G2 phase 10.2 The Cell Cycle

gallbladder 34.1 Digestive Systems

galls 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

Gametangia 25.1 Early Plant Life

gametes 10.1 Cell Division, 11.1 The Process of Meiosis

gametic barrier 18.2 Formation of New Species

gametophyte 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

gametophytes 11.2 Sexual Reproduction

Gap junctions 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities

gastric inhibitory peptide 34.4 Digestive System Regulation

gastric phase 34.4 Digestive System Regulation

gastrin 34.4 Digestive System Regulation

gastrovascular cavity 34.1 Digestive Systems

Gastrulation 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom, 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development

GC-rich boxes 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription

Gel electrophoresis 14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing, 17.1 Biotechnology

gemmae 25.3 Bryophytes, 25.3 Bryophytes

Gemmules 28.1 Phylum Porifera

gene expression 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression

gene flow 19.2 Population Genetics

gene pool 19.1 Population Evolution

Gene targeting 17.1 Biotechnology

Gene therapy 17.1 Biotechnology, 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections

gene transfer agents (GTAs) 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree

genes 10.1 Cell Division

genetic diagnosis 17.1 Biotechnology

Genetic diversity 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

genetic drift 19.2 Population Genetics

Genetic engineering 17.1 Biotechnology

genetic map 17.2 Mapping Genomes

genetic marker 17.2 Mapping Genomes

genetic recombination 17.2 Mapping Genomes

genetic structure 19.1 Population Evolution

genetic testing 17.1 Biotechnology

genetic variance 19.2 Population Genetics

genetically modified organism 17.1 Biotechnology

genome 10.1 Cell Division

genome annotation 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing

genome fusion 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree

Genome mapping 17.2 Mapping Genomes

genomic libraries 17.2 Mapping Genomes

Genomics 17.2 Mapping Genomes

genotype 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

genus 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

geographical variation 19.2 Population Genetics

Geometric isomers 2.3 Carbon

germ cells 11.2 Sexual Reproduction

germ layers 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom

gestation 43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth

Gibberellins 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

gigantism 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

gill circulation 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System

gills 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

ginkgophytes 26.2 Gymnosperms

gizzard 34.1 Digestive Systems

glabrous 36.2 Somatosensation

glia 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

Gliding movements 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

Global climate change 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

Glomeromycota 24.2 Classifications of Fungi

glomerular filtration 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

glomeruli 36.3 Taste and Smell

glomerulus 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

glucagon 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

glucocorticoids 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

gluconeogenesis 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

glucose-sparing effect 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

GLUT (glucose transporter) proteins 7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration

GLUT proteins 7.2 Glycolysis

Glycogen 3.2 Carbohydrates, 7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways

glycogenolysis 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

glycolipids 5.1 Components and Structure

Glycolysis 7.2 Glycolysis

glycoproteins 5.1 Components and Structure

glycosidic bond 3.2 Carbohydrates

gnathostomes 29.1 Chordates, 29.2 Fishes

gnetophytes 26.2 Gymnosperms

goiter 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

Golgi apparatus 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins

Golgi tendon organs 36.2 Somatosensation

Gomphoses 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction

gonadotropins 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

Gondwana 29.3 Amphibians

good genes hypothesis 19.3 Adaptive Evolution

Gorilla 29.7 The Evolution of Primates

gradual speciation model 18.3 Reconnection and Speciation Rates

grafting 32.3 Asexual Reproduction

Gram negative 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Gram positive 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

granum 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis

granzyme 42.1 Innate Immune Response

grazing food web 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

Great Barrier Reef 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

greenhouse effect 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

greenhouse gases 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

gross primary productivity 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems

Ground tissue 30.1 The Plant Body

Group I 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

Group II 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

Group III 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

Group IV 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

Group V 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

Group VI 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

Group VII 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

growth factors 9.3 Response to the Signal

Growth hormone (GH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

guanosine triphosphate (GTP) 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation

guard cells 30.2 Stems

gustation 36.3 Taste and Smell

Gymnosperms 26.2 Gymnosperms

gynoecium 26.3 Angiosperms, 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

gyri 35.3 The Central Nervous System

H

habitat isolation 18.2 Formation of New Species

Habituation 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

hair 29.6 Mammals

handicap principle 19.3 Adaptive Evolution

haplodiplontic 25.1 Early Plant Life

haploid 10.1 Cell Division, 11.1 The Process of Meiosis

haplontic 25.1 Early Plant Life

haustoria 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi

Haversian canal 38.2 Bone

haze-effect cooling 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

Heat energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy, 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics

heat of vaporization 2.2 Water

Heirloom seeds 26.4 The Role of Seed Plants

helper T (TH) lymphocytes 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

hemal system 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia

heme group 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids

hemizygous 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

hemocoel 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids, 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods, 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System

Hemoglobin 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids

hemolymph 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System

herbaceous 26.3 Angiosperms

Herbivores 34.1 Digestive Systems

herbivory 26.4 The Role of Seed Plants

Heritability 19.2 Population Genetics

Hermaphroditism 43.1 Reproduction Methods

heterogeneity 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

heterospecifics 44.1 The Scope of Ecology

Heterothallic 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi

heterotrophs 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis

heterozygous 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

hibernation 33.1 Animal Form and Function, 44.2 Biogeography

hilum 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

hinge joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

hippocampus 35.3 The Central Nervous System

histone acetylation 16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation

histone proteins 10.1 Cell Division

Historical biogeography 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

holistic ecosystem model 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

holoblastic 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development

Holocene, mass extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

holoenzyme 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription

Homeostasis 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 33.3 Homeostasis

homeotherms 29.4 Reptiles

Homo 29.7 The Evolution of Primates

Homo sapiens sapiens 29.7 The Evolution of Primates

homologous 10.1 Cell Division

homologous recombination 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage

homologous structures 18.1 Understanding Evolution

homology 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships

homothallic 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi

homozygous 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

honest signal 19.3 Adaptive Evolution

horizon 31.2 The Soil

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree

horizontal transmission 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

Hormonal stimuli 37.4 Regulation of Hormone Production

hormone 37.2 How Hormones Work

Hormones 3.4 Proteins

horsetails 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants

host Introduction, 45.6 Community Ecology

host DNA 17.1 Biotechnology

Hox genes 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom

human beta chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) 43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth

human growth hormone (HGH or hGH) 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle

humerus 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

humoral immune response 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

humoral stimulus 37.4 Regulation of Hormone Production

humus 31.2 The Soil

hybrid 18.2 Formation of New Species

hybrid inviability 18.2 Formation of New Species

hybrid zone 18.3 Reconnection and Speciation Rates

hybridizations 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability

Hydrocarbons 2.3 Carbon

hydrogen bond 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

hydrolysis reactions 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules

hydrophilic 2.2 Water, 5.1 Components and Structure

hydrophobic 2.2 Water, 5.1 Components and Structure

hydrosphere 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles

hydrostatic skeleton 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

hydrothermal vent 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity

Hylobatidae 29.7 The Evolution of Primates

hyoid bone 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

hyperextension 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

hyperglycemia 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

hyperopia 36.5 Vision

hyperplasia 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

hypersensitivities 42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System

Hyperthyroidism 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

hypertonic 5.2 Passive Transport

hypocotyl 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

hypoglycemia 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

hypophyseal portal system 37.5 Endocrine Glands

hypoplasia 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

hypothalamus 35.3 The Central Nervous System, 37.5 Endocrine Glands

hypothesis 1.1 The Science of Biology

hypothesis-based science 1.1 The Science of Biology

Hypothyroidism 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

hypotonic 5.2 Passive Transport

I

ileum 34.1 Digestive Systems

immune tolerance 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

Immunodeficiency 42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System

Imperfect fungi 24.2 Classifications of Fungi

Imprinting 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

inbreeding 19.2 Population Genetics

inbreeding depression 19.2 Population Genetics

incomplete dominance 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

incus 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

indeterminate cleavage 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals

induced fit 6.5 Enzymes

Induced mutations 14.6 DNA Repair

Inductive reasoning 1.1 The Science of Biology

inert 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

inferior vena cava 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels, 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

Infertility 43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth

inflammation 42.1 Innate Immune Response

ingestion 34.3 Digestive System Processes

inhibin 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction

inhibitor 9.3 Response to the Signal

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) 35.2 How Neurons Communicate

initiation complex 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis, 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation

initiation site 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription

initiator tRNA 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

innate behaviors 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

Innate immunity 42.1 Innate Immune Response

inner cell mass 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development

inner ear 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

inorganic compound 31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants

Inorganic nutrients 44.2 Biogeography

inositol phospholipids 9.2 Propagation of the Signal

inositol triphosphate (IP3) 9.2 Propagation of the Signal

insectivorous 31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants

inspiratory capacity (IC) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

Insulin 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

Integral proteins 5.1 Components and Structure

integument 26.2 Gymnosperms

Intercalary meristems 30.1 The Plant Body

intercellular signaling 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

intercostal muscles 39.3 Breathing

interferon 42.1 Innate Immune Response

interkinesis 11.1 The Process of Meiosis

interlobar arteries 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

Intermediate filaments 4.5 The Cytoskeleton

intermittent 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

internal fertilization 43.2 Fertilization

Internal receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

internode 30.2 Stems

interphase 10.2 The Cell Cycle

intersexual selection 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

interspecific competition 45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation

interstitial cells of Leydig 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction

interstitial fluid 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System

intertidal zone 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

Intervertebral discs 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

intestinal phase 34.4 Digestive System Regulation

intine 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

intracellular hormone receptors 37.2 How Hormones Work

intracellular mediators 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

intracellular signaling 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

Intramembranous ossification 38.2 Bone

intrapleural space 39.3 Breathing

intrasexual selection 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

intraspecific competition 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth

introduction 1.1 The Science of Biology

introns 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes

Inversion 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

Ion channel-linked receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

Ionic bonds 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

ions 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

iridophores 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

iris 36.5 Vision

Irregular bones 38.2 Bone

irreversible 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

island biogeography 45.6 Community Ecology

islets of Langerhans 37.5 Endocrine Glands

isomerase 7.2 Glycolysis

isomers 2.3 Carbon

isotonic 5.2 Passive Transport

Isotopes 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

isthmus 37.5 Endocrine Glands

Iteroparity 45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection

J

J-shaped growth curve 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth

Jacobson’s organ 29.4 Reptiles

Jasmonates 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

jejunum 34.1 Digestive Systems

joint 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

juxtaglomerular cells 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

juxtamedullary nephrons 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

K

K-selected species 45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation

karyogamy 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi

karyogram 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

karyokinesis 10.2 The Cell Cycle

karyotype 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

keratin 29.6 Mammals

keystone species 45.6 Community Ecology, 47.4 Preserving Biodiversity

kidneys 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

kin selection 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

kinase 9.2 Propagation of the Signal

kinesis 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

kinesthesia 36.1 Sensory Processes

kinetic energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy

kinetochore 10.2 The Cell Cycle

kingdom 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

Koch’s postulates 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity

Kozak’s rules 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

Krebs cycle 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle

L

labia majora 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

labia minora 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

labyrinth 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

lac operon 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

Lacks 1.1 The Science of Biology

lactases 34.3 Digestive System Processes

lacunae 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues

lagging strand 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes

lamellae 38.2 Bone

lamina 30.4 Leaves

large intestine 34.1 Digestive Systems

larynx 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

late Devonian extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

latency 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

lateral line 29.2 Fishes

Lateral meristems 30.1 The Plant Body

lateral rotation 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

Laurasia 29.3 Amphibians

Laurentia 29.3 Amphibians

law of dominance 12.3 Laws of Inheritance

law of independent assortment 12.3 Laws of Inheritance

law of mass action 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

law of segregation 12.3 Laws of Inheritance

Layering 32.3 Asexual Reproduction

leading strand 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes

learned behaviors 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

lens 36.5 Vision

lenticels 30.2 Stems

lepidosaurs 29.4 Reptiles

leptin 37.5 Endocrine Glands

leucophores 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

Lichens 24.3 Ecology of Fungi

life cycles 11.2 Sexual Reproduction

life history 45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection

life sciences 1.1 The Science of Biology

life tables 45.1 Population Demography

ligand 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

ligase 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes

light microscopes 4.1 Studying Cells

light-dependent reactions 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis

light-harvesting complex 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

light-independent reactions 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis

lignin 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants

limbic system 35.3 The Central Nervous System

linkage 12.3 Laws of Inheritance

linkage analysis 17.2 Mapping Genomes

lipase 34.1 Digestive Systems

lipid hormones 37.1 Types of Hormones

Lipids 3.3 Lipids

litmus 2.2 Water

Little Ice Age 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

liver 34.1 Digestive Systems

Liverworts 25.3 Bryophytes

loams 31.2 The Soil

lobe 35.3 The Central Nervous System, 35.3 The Central Nervous System, 35.3 The Central Nervous System

lobes of the kidney 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

locus 10.1 Cell Division

logistic growth 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth

Long bones 38.2 Bone

Long-term depression (LTD) 35.2 How Neurons Communicate

Long-term potentiation (LTP) 35.2 How Neurons Communicate

loop of Henle 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

Loose connective tissue 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues

Lophotrochozoa 27.3 Animal Phylogeny

lower limb 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

lung capacities 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

lung volumes 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

luteinizing hormone (LH) 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction

Lycophyta 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants

Lymph 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

Lymph nodes 40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation

Lymphocytes 42.1 Innate Immune Response

lysis 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

lysis buffer 17.1 Biotechnology

lysogenic cycle 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

lysosomes 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

lytic cycle 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

M

macromolecules 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

macronutrients 31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants

macrophage 42.1 Innate Immune Response

macula densa 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

madreporite 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia

Major depression 35.5 Nervous System Disorders

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I molecules 42.1 Innate Immune Response

malleus 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

Malpighian tubules 41.3 Excretion Systems

maltases 34.3 Digestive System Processes

Mammals 29.6 Mammals

Mammary glands 29.6 Mammals

mantle 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids, 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids, 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

mark and recapture 45.1 Population Demography

mass extinction 27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom, 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

mass extinctions 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

mass number 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

mast cell 42.1 Innate Immune Response

mastax 28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans

materials and methods 1.1 The Science of Biology

mating factor 9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms

matrix 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues

matrix proteins 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

Matter 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

maximum parsimony 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships

mechanoreceptor 36.1 Sensory Processes

medial rotation 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

medulla 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

megafauna 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

megagametogenesis 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

megapascals 30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants

megaphylls 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants

megasporangium 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

megasporocyte 26.2 Gymnosperms

megasporogenesis 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

megasporophylls 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

meiosis Introduction, 11.1 The Process of Meiosis

meiosis I 11.1 The Process of Meiosis

Meiosis II 11.1 The Process of Meiosis

Meissner’s corpuscles 36.2 Somatosensation

membrane potential 35.2 How Neurons Communicate

memory cell 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

meninges 35.3 The Central Nervous System

menopause 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction

menstrual cycle 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction

Meristematic tissue 30.1 The Plant Body

meristems 30.1 The Plant Body

Merkel’s disks 36.2 Somatosensation

meroblastic 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development

mesocarp 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

mesocosm 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

mesohyl 28.1 Phylum Porifera

mesophyll 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis

messenger RNA (mRNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids

metabolism 6.1 Energy and Metabolism

metabolome 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics

Metabolomics 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics

metacarpus 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

Metagenomics 17.4 Applying Genomics

metamerism 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

Metaphase 10.2 The Cell Cycle, 10.2 The Cell Cycle

metaphase plate 10.2 The Cell Cycle

metatarsals 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

Metazoa 27.3 Animal Phylogeny

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans

MHC II molecules 42.1 Innate Immune Response

microbial mat 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity

Microbiology 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

microcosm 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

microfilaments 4.5 The Cytoskeleton

Microglia 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

micronutrients 31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants

microphylls 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants

Micropropagation 32.3 Asexual Reproduction

micropyle 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

microRNAs 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation

microsatellite polymorphisms 17.2 Mapping Genomes

microscope 4.1 Studying Cells

microsporangium 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

microsporocytes 26.2 Gymnosperms

microsporophylls 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

microtubules 4.5 The Cytoskeleton

microvilli 41.3 Excretion Systems

middle ear 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

midsagittal plane 33.1 Animal Form and Function

Migration 44.2 Biogeography, 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

Milankovitch cycles 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

mineral soils 31.2 The Soil

mineralocorticoid 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

Minerals 34.2 Nutrition and Energy Production

mismatch repair 14.6 DNA Repair

mitochondria 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

mitochondria-first 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree

mitosis 10.2 The Cell Cycle, 10.2 The Cell Cycle

mitotic phase 10.2 The Cell Cycle

mitotic spindle 10.2 The Cell Cycle

mixotrophs 23.2 Characteristics of Protists

model organism 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing

model system 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability

modern synthesis 19.1 Population Evolution

molality 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance

molarity 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance

mold 24.2 Classifications of Fungi

mole 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance

molecular biology 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

molecular systematics 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships

molecule 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

Molecules 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

molting 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods, 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods

monocarpic 32.3 Asexual Reproduction

monocot 26.3 Angiosperms

monocyte 42.1 Innate Immune Response

monoecious 26.2 Gymnosperms, 28.1 Phylum Porifera

monogamous 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

monogastric 34.1 Digestive Systems

monohybrid 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

monomers 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules

monophyletic 28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades

monophyletic group 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships

Monosaccharides 3.2 Carbohydrates

monosomy 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

monosulcate 26.3 Angiosperms

monotremes 29.6 Mammals

morganucodonts 29.6 Mammals

mortality rate 45.1 Population Demography

mosses 25.3 Bryophytes

motor end plate 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

mucin 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

mucus 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

Müllerian mimicry 45.6 Community Ecology

multiple cloning site (MCS) 17.1 Biotechnology

Multiple fruit 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

Muscle spindles 36.2 Somatosensation

Mutations 14.6 DNA Repair

Mutualism 44.1 The Scope of Ecology, 45.6 Community Ecology

Myc 16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation

mycelium 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi

Mycetismus 24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens

Mycologists 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi

mycology 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi

Mycorrhiza 24.3 Ecology of Fungi

mycorrhizae 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi

mycosis 24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens

Mycotoxicosis 24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens

myelin 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

myocardial infarction 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

myocardium 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

myofibrils 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

myofilaments 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

Myopia 36.5 Vision

myosin 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

Myxini 29.2 Fishes

N

nasal cavity 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

natural killer (NK) cells 42.1 Innate Immune Response

natural sciences 1.1 The Science of Biology

Natural selection 18.1 Understanding Evolution

Nature Conservancy 47.4 Preserving Biodiversity

nectar guide 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

negative feedback loop 33.3 Homeostasis

negative gravitropism 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

negative polarity 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

negative regulators 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

nematocysts 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria

Neornithes 29.5 Birds

Nephridia 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids, 41.3 Excretion Systems

nephridiopore 41.3 Excretion Systems

nephrons 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

neritic zone 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

nerve net 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria

Net consumer productivity 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems

Net primary productivity 44.2 Biogeography, 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems

Net production efficiency (NPE) 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems

neural stimuli 37.4 Regulation of Hormone Production

neural tube 43.7 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation

neurobiology 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

Neurodegenerative disorders 35.5 Nervous System Disorders

neurons 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

neurotransmitters 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

neutron 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

neutrophil 42.1 Innate Immune Response

next-generation sequencing 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing

nitrogen fixation 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism

nitrogenase 31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants

noble gases 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

nociception 36.2 Somatosensation

Nodes 30.2 Stems

nodes of Ranvier 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

nodules 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes, 31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants

non-electrolyte 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance

non-endospermic dicots 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

non-vascular plants 25.1 Early Plant Life

noncellular 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

noncompetitive inhibition 6.5 Enzymes

nondisjunction 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

nonparental types 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage

Nonpolar covalent bonds 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

nonrandom mating 19.2 Population Genetics

nonrenewable resource 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles

nonsense codons 15.1 The Genetic Code

nontemplate strand 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription

norepinephrine 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System, 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

Northern blotting 17.1 Biotechnology

notochord 29.1 Chordates

nuclear envelope 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

Nucleic acids 3.5 Nucleic Acids

nucleoid 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells, 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

nucleolus 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

nucleoplasm 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

nucleosome 10.1 Cell Division

nucleotide excision repair 14.6 DNA Repair

nucleotides 3.5 Nucleic Acids

nucleus 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks, 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

nucleus-first 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree

nutrients 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity, 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism

O

O horizon 31.2 The Soil

obligate aerobes 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi

obligate anaerobes 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi

Obstructive diseases 39.3 Breathing

occipital 35.3 The Central Nervous System

Ocean upwelling 44.2 Biogeography

octamer boxes 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription

octet rule 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

Odorants 36.3 Taste and Smell

Okazaki fragments 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes

olfaction 36.3 Taste and Smell

olfactory bulb 36.3 Taste and Smell

olfactory epithelium 36.3 Taste and Smell

olfactory receptor 36.3 Taste and Smell

Oligodendrocytes 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

Oligosaccharins 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

Omega 3.3 Lipids

Omnivores 34.1 Digestive Systems

oncogenes 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle

oncogenic viruses 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

Oncolytic viruses 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections

one-child policy 45.5 Human Population Growth

oogenesis 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

open circulatory system 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System

operant conditioning 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

operator 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

operculum 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

operons 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

Opposition 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

opsonization 42.1 Innate Immune Response

orbitals 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

order 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

Ordovician-Silurian extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

organ of Corti 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

organ system 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

organelles 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

organic compound 31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants

organic molecules 2.3 Carbon

organic soils 31.2 The Soil

Organisms 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

organogenesis 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom, 43.7 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation

Organs 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

origin 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division

Ornithorhynchidae 29.6 Mammals

Ornithurae 29.5 Birds

osculum 28.1 Phylum Porifera

osmoconformers 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance

Osmolarity 5.2 Passive Transport

osmoreceptors 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

Osmoregulation 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance

osmoregulatory 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance

osmotic balance 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance

osmotic pressure 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance

osseous tissue 38.2 Bone

ossicles 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

Ossification 38.2 Bone

Osteichthyes 29.2 Fishes

Osteoblasts 38.2 Bone

Osteoclasts 38.2 Bone

Osteocytes 38.2 Bone

osteons 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues, 38.2 Bone

Osteoprogenitor cells 38.2 Bone

ostia 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System

outer ear 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

oval window 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

ovarian cycle 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction

ovary 26.3 Angiosperms

oviducts 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

ovigers, 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods

oviparity 43.2 Fertilization

ovoviviparity 43.2 Fertilization

ovulate cones 26.2 Gymnosperms

ovulation 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction

oxidative phosphorylation 7.1 Energy in Living Systems

oxygen 2.2 Water

oxygen dissociation curve 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids

oxygen-carrying capacity 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids

oxytocin 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

P

P0 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability

p21 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle

p53 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle

P680 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

P700 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

Pacinian corpuscles 36.2 Somatosensation

packing 16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation

pairwise-end sequencing 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing

Paleontology 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

Paleoptera 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods

palmately compound leaf 30.4 Leaves

Pan 29.7 The Evolution of Primates

pancreas 34.1 Digestive Systems, 37.5 Endocrine Glands

pandemic 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans

Pangaea 29.3 Amphibians

papillae 36.3 Taste and Smell

papulae 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia

parabronchi 29.5 Birds

paracentric 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

paracrine signals 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

parafollicular cells 37.5 Endocrine Glands

parapodia 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

parasite 45.6 Community Ecology

parasitic plant 31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants

Parasitism 24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens

parasympathetic nervous system 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System

parathyroid glands 37.5 Endocrine Glands

parathyroid hormone (PTH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

Parenchyma cells 30.2 Stems

parent material 31.2 The Soil

Parental types 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage

parietal 35.3 The Central Nervous System

Parkinson’s disease 35.5 Nervous System Disorders

Parthenogenesis 43.1 Reproduction Methods

Partial pressure 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

particulate matter 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

passive immunity 42.3 Antibodies

Passive transport 5.2 Passive Transport

patella 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) 42.1 Innate Immune Response

pathogens 21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids, 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans, Introduction

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) 42.1 Innate Immune Response

peat moss 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants

pectoral girdle 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

pedalia 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria

pedicellaria 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia

pedigree analysis 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

pedipalps 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods

Peer-reviewed manuscripts 1.1 The Science of Biology

pelagic realm 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

pellicles 23.2 Characteristics of Protists

pelvic girdle 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

penis 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

Pepsin 34.1 Digestive Systems

pepsinogen 34.1 Digestive Systems

peptide bond 3.4 Proteins

peptide hormones 37.1 Types of Hormones

peptidoglycan 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

peptidyl transferase 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

Perception 36.1 Sensory Processes

perfect flowers 26.3 Angiosperms

perforin 42.1 Innate Immune Response

perianth 26.3 Angiosperms, 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

pericardium 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

pericarp 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

pericentric 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

pericycle 30.3 Roots

periderm 30.2 Stems

periodic table 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

Peripheral proteins 5.1 Components and Structure

peripheral resistance 40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation

perirenal fat capsule 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

peristalsis 34.1 Digestive Systems

peritubular capillary network 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

permafrost 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes

permanent tissue 30.1 The Plant Body

Permian extinction 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

permissive 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

Peroxisomes 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

Petals 26.3 Angiosperms

petiole 30.4 Leaves

Petromyzontida 29.2 Fishes

pH scale 2.2 Water

phage therapy 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections

phagolysosome 23.2 Characteristics of Protists

phalanges 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

Pharmacogenomics 17.4 Applying Genomics

pharyngeal nerve ring 28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades

Pharyngeal slits 29.1 Chordates

pharynx 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

Phenology 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

phenotype 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

pheromone 36.3 Taste and Smell

pheromones 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods

Phloem 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants

phosphatases 9.3 Response to the Signal

phosphoanhydride bonds 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate

phosphodiester 3.5 Nucleic Acids

phosphodiesterase 9.3 Response to the Signal, 37.2 How Hormones Work

Phospholipids 3.3 Lipids

Phosphorylation 7.1 Energy in Living Systems

photic zone 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

photoact 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

photoautotrophs 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis

Photomorphogenesis 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

photon 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

Photoperiodism 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

photosystem 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

photosystem I 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

photosystem II 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

phototrophs 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity, 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism

phototropins 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

Phototropism 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

phyllotaxy 30.4 Leaves

phylogenetic tree 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

phylogeny 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

phylum 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

physical map 17.2 Mapping Genomes

physical sciences 1.1 The Science of Biology

physiological dead space 39.3 Breathing

phytochromes 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

Phytoplankton 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

pia mater 35.3 The Central Nervous System

pigment 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis

Pinnately compound leaves 30.4 Leaves

pinocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport

pioneer species 45.6 Community Ecology

pistil 26.3 Angiosperms

pith 30.2 Stems

pituitary dwarfism 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

pituitary gland 37.5 Endocrine Glands

pituitary stalk 37.5 Endocrine Glands

Pivot joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

placenta 43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth

plagiarism 1.1 The Science of Biology

Planar joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

planktivores 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

plankton 23.3 Groups of Protists

Plantar flexion 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

plasma 40.2 Components of the Blood

plasma cell 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

plasma membrane 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

plasma membrane hormone receptors 37.2 How Hormones Work

plasmids 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription

plasmodesmata 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities

plasmogamy 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi

plasmolysis 5.2 Passive Transport

plastid 23.1 Eukaryotic Origins

plastron 29.4 Reptiles

platelets 40.2 Components of the Blood

Pleistocene Extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

pleura 39.3 Breathing

Pleurisy 39.3 Breathing

plumule 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

Pneumatic bones 29.5 Birds

polar covalent bond 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

polar microtubules 10.2 The Cell Cycle

polar nuclei 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

pollination 26.4 The Role of Seed Plants, 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

poly-A tail 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes, 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation

polyandrous 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

Polycarpic 32.3 Asexual Reproduction

polygenic 17.4 Applying Genomics

Polygynous 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

polymers 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules

polynucleotide 3.5 Nucleic Acids

polyploid 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

polysaccharide 3.2 Carbohydrates

polysome 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

polyspermy 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development

polytomy 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

Pongo 29.7 The Evolution of Primates

population 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 44.1 The Scope of Ecology

population density 45.1 Population Demography

population genetics 19.1 Population Evolution

population growth rate 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth

population size (N) 45.1 Population Demography

population variation 19.2 Population Genetics

Porifera 27.3 Animal Phylogeny, 28.1 Phylum Porifera

positive feedback loop 33.3 Homeostasis

positive gravitropism 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

positive regulators 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

post-anal tail 29.1 Chordates

post-transcriptional 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression

post-translational 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression

posterior pituitary 37.5 Endocrine Glands

postzygotic barrier 18.2 Formation of New Species

potential energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy

potocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport

preening 29.5 Birds

presbyopia 36.5 Vision

prezygotic barrier 18.2 Formation of New Species

primary (main) bronchi 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

Primary active transport 5.3 Active Transport

primary consumers 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

primary electron acceptor 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

Primary feathers 29.5 Birds

primary growth 30.2 Stems

primary producers 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

primary structure 3.4 Proteins

primary succession 45.6 Community Ecology

primase 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes

primer 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes

Prions 21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids

probes 17.1 Biotechnology

product rule 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability

productive 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

products 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

Progesterone 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction

prokaryote 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

prolactin (PRL) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

Prometaphase 10.2 The Cell Cycle, 10.2 The Cell Cycle

promoter 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription, 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation

Pronation 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

proofreading 14.6 DNA Repair

prophage 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

Prophase 10.2 The Cell Cycle

proprioception 35.3 The Central Nervous System, 36.1 Sensory Processes

prostate gland 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

prosthetic group 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation

proteases 17.1 Biotechnology

proteasome 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation

protein signature 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics

Proteins 3.4 Proteins

proteome 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics

Proteomics 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics

proto-oncogenes 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle

proton 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

protonema 25.3 Bryophytes

protonephridia 28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans, 41.3 Excretion Systems

Protostomes 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals

Protraction 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

proventriculus 34.1 Digestive Systems

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

PrPc 21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids

PrPsc 21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids

pseudocoelomates 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals

pseudopeptidoglycan 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

pseudostratified 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues

pterosaurs 29.4 Reptiles

pterygotes 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods

pulmocutaneous circulation 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System

pulmonary circulation 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System

pumps 5.3 Active Transport

punctuated equilibrium 18.3 Reconnection and Speciation Rates

Punnett square 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

pure culture 17.4 Applying Genomics

purines 3.5 Nucleic Acids

pygostyle 29.5 Birds

pyloric caeca 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia

pyrimidines 3.5 Nucleic Acids, 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding

pyruvate 7.2 Glycolysis

Q

quadrat 45.1 Population Demography

quaternary structure 3.4 Proteins

quiescent 10.2 The Cell Cycle

quorum sensing 9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms

R

r-selected species 45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation

radial cleavage 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals

Radial glia 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

Radial symmetry 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals

radiate arteries 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

Radiation hybrid mapping 17.2 Mapping Genomes

radicle 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

radioisotopes 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

radioresistant 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity

radius 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

radula 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids, 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

raphe 23.3 Groups of Protists

reactants 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

reaction center 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

reading frame 15.1 The Genetic Code, 15.1 The Genetic Code

reception 36.1 Sensory Processes

receptive 36.1 Sensory Processes

receptor potential 36.1 Sensory Processes

receptor-mediated endocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport

receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors, 37.2 How Hormones Work

recessive lethal 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

Recessive traits 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability

reciprocal cross 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability

recombinant DNA 17.1 Biotechnology

recombinant proteins 17.1 Biotechnology

recombination frequency 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage

recombination nodules 11.1 The Process of Meiosis

recruitment 39.3 Breathing

rectum 34.1 Digestive Systems

Red blood cells 40.2 Components of the Blood

Red List 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

redox reactions 7.1 Energy in Living Systems

reduction 8.3 Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules

reductional division 11.1 The Process of Meiosis

reflex action 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

refractory period 35.2 How Neurons Communicate

regulatory T (Treg) cells 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response

reinforcement 18.3 Reconnection and Speciation Rates

relative fitness 19.3 Adaptive Evolution

Relative species abundance 45.6 Community Ecology

renal arteries 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

renal capsule 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

renal columns 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

renal corpuscle 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

renal fascia 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

renal pelvis 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

renal pyramids 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

renal tubule 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

renal veins 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

renette cells 28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades

renin 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone 41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions

replicative intermediates 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

Repressors 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

Reproductive cloning 17.1 Biotechnology

reproductive isolation 18.2 Formation of New Species

Residence time 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles

residual volume (RV) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

Resilience 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

resistance 39.3 Breathing, 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

respiratory bronchioles 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

respiratory distress syndrome 39.3 Breathing

respiratory quotient (RQ) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

respiratory rate 39.3 Breathing

respiratory trees 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia

Restriction endonucleases 17.1 Biotechnology

restriction fragment length polymorphisms 17.2 Mapping Genomes

restrictive diseases 39.3 Breathing

results 1.1 The Science of Biology

resuscitation 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity

retina 36.5 Vision

retinoblastoma protein (Rb) 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle

Retraction 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

reverse transcriptase 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) 17.1 Biotechnology

Reversible reactions 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

Review articles 1.1 The Science of Biology

Rhabdites 28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans

rhizobia 31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants

rhizoids 25.3 Bryophytes

rhizome 30.2 Stems

rhizosphere 31.2 The Soil

Rho-dependent termination 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription

Rho-independent termination 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription

rhodopsin 36.5 Vision

rhynchocoel 28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans

ribonucleases 17.1 Biotechnology

ribonucleic acid (RNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids

ribosome 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

Ribosomes 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

ribs 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

ring of life 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree

RNA editing 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes

RNA-binding proteins 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation

RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation

RNAs 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription

rods 36.5 Vision

root cap 30.3 Roots

Root hairs 30.3 Roots

root system 30.1 The Plant Body

rooted 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

Rotational movement 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins

roughage 34.1 Digestive Systems

Ruffini endings 36.2 Somatosensation

Ruminants 34.1 Digestive Systems

Runners 30.2 Stems

S

S phase 10.2 The Cell Cycle

S-shaped curve 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth

Saddle joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

sagittal plane 33.1 Animal Form and Function

Salamanders 29.3 Amphibians

salivary amylase 34.1 Digestive Systems

saltatory conduction 35.2 How Neurons Communicate

sand 31.2 The Soil

saprobes 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi

saprophyte 31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants

sarcolemma 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

sarcomeres 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

Sarcopterygii 29.2 Fishes

Sargassum 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

Satellite glia 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

saturated fatty acid 3.3 Lipids

Sauropsids 29.4 Reptiles

Savannas 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes

scapulae 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

Scarification 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

schizocoelom 28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans

schizocoely 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals

Schizophrenia 35.5 Nervous System Disorders

Schwann cell 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

science 1.1 The Science of Biology

scientific method 1.1 The Science of Biology

scion 32.3 Asexual Reproduction

Sclerenchyma cells 30.2 Stems

scrotum 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

scutellum 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

scutes 29.4 Reptiles

Sebaceous glands 29.6 Mammals

Second messengers 9.2 Propagation of the Signal

Secondary active transport 5.3 Active Transport

Secondary consumers 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

Secondary feathers 29.5 Birds

Secondary growth 30.2 Stems

secondary plant compounds 47.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life

secondary structure 3.4 Proteins

secondary succession 45.6 Community Ecology

secretin 34.4 Digestive System Regulation

seed 26.3 Angiosperms

segmental arteries 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

selection pressure 19.2 Population Genetics

selectively permeable 5.2 Passive Transport

Self-pollination 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

Semelparity 45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection

Semen 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

semi-permeable membranes 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance

semicircular canals 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

semilunar valve 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

seminal vesicles 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

seminiferous tubules 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

senescence 32.3 Asexual Reproduction

sensory receptor 36.1 Sensory Processes

sensory transduction 36.1 Sensory Processes

sensory-somatic nervous system 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System

sepals 26.3 Angiosperms

septa 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi, 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria

septum 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division, 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi

Sequence mapping 17.2 Mapping Genomes

serendipity 1.1 The Science of Biology

Serial hermaphroditism 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods

Sertoli cells 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction

serum 40.2 Components of the Blood

Sesamoid bones 38.2 Bone

sessile 30.4 Leaves

set point 33.3 Homeostasis

seta 25.3 Bryophytes

setae 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

sexual dimorphisms 19.3 Adaptive Evolution

sexual reproduction 43.1 Reproduction Methods

shared ancestral character 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships

shared derived character 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships

shoot system 30.1 The Plant Body

Short bones 38.2 Bone

shotgun sequencing 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing

sickle cell anemia 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids

sieve-tube cells 30.2 Stems

signal integration 9.2 Propagation of the Signal

signal sequence 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

signal transduction 9.2 Propagation of the Signal

signaling cells 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

signaling pathway 9.2 Propagation of the Signal

signals 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

silt 31.2 The Soil

simple epithelia 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues

simple fruit 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

simple leaf 30.4 Leaves

simulation model 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

single nucleotide polymorphisms 17.2 Mapping Genomes

Single-strand binding proteins 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes

sinks 30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants

sinoatrial (SA) node 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

siphonophores 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria

sister taxa 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

Skeletal muscle tissue 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

skull 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

sliding clamp 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes

small intestine 34.1 Digestive Systems

small nuclear 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins

Smooth muscle tissue 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

Soil 31.2 The Soil

soil profile 31.2 The Soil

Solar intensity 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

solute 5.2 Passive Transport

solutes 5.2 Passive Transport

solvent 2.2 Water

somatic cell 11.1 The Process of Meiosis

somatosensation 35.3 The Central Nervous System

somatostatin 34.4 Digestive System Regulation

somites 43.7 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation

source water 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

sources 30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants

Southern blotting 17.1 Biotechnology

speciation 18.2 Formation of New Species

species 18.2 Formation of New Species, 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

Species dispersion patterns 45.1 Population Demography

Species richness 45.6 Community Ecology

species-area relationship 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

specific heat capacity 2.2 Water

spectrophotometer 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

spermatheca 43.2 Fertilization

spermatogenesis 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

spermatophore 29.3 Amphibians

Sphenodontia 29.4 Reptiles

sphere of hydration 2.2 Water

sphincter 34.1 Digestive Systems

spinal cord 35.3 The Central Nervous System

Spinal nerves 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System

spiracles. 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods

spiral cleavage 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals

spirometry 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

splicing 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes

spongocoel 28.1 Phylum Porifera

spongy bone 38.2 Bone

Spontaneous mutations 14.6 DNA Repair

sporangium 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi, 25.3 Bryophytes

spores 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi

sporocytes 25.1 Early Plant Life

sporophylls 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants, 26.2 Gymnosperms

sporophyte 11.2 Sexual Reproduction, 25.3 Bryophytes, 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

sporopollenin 25.1 Early Plant Life

spring-and-fall turnover 44.2 Biogeography

Squamata 29.4 Reptiles

Squamous epithelial 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues

stabilizing selection 19.3 Adaptive Evolution

stable hairpin 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription

Stamens 26.3 Angiosperms

standard metabolic rate (SMR) 33.1 Animal Form and Function

stapes 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

starch 3.2 Carbohydrates

start codon 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

statoliths 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

stele 30.3 Roots

stereocilia 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

stereoscopic vision 29.7 The Evolution of Primates

sternum 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

steroids 3.3 Lipids

stigma 26.3 Angiosperms

stipules 30.4 Leaves

Stolons 30.2 Stems

stomach 34.1 Digestive Systems

stomata 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis

stone canal 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia

stratified epithelia 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues

Strigolactones 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

strobili 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants

strobilus 26.1 Evolution of Seed Plants, 26.2 Gymnosperms

stroke volume 40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation

stroma 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis

stromatolite 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity

Structural isomers 2.3 Carbon

style 26.3 Angiosperms

subduction 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles

substituted hydrocarbons 2.3 Carbon

substrate-level phosphorylation 7.1 Energy in Living Systems

substrates 6.5 Enzymes

Subtropical deserts 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes

sucrases 34.3 Digestive System Processes

sulci 35.3 The Central Nervous System

sum rule 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability

summation 35.2 How Neurons Communicate

superior colliculus 36.5 Vision

superior vena cava 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

Supination 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

suprachiasmatic nucleus 36.5 Vision

surface tension 2.2 Water

Surfactant 39.3 Breathing

survivorship curve 45.1 Population Demography

suspensor 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

Sutural bones 38.2 Bone

Sutures 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

Svalbard Global Seed Vault 47.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life

swim bladder 29.2 Fishes

symbiont 31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants

symbioses 45.6 Community Ecology

Symbiosis 24.3 Ecology of Fungi

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes

sympathetic nervous system 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System

Sympatric speciation 18.2 Formation of New Species

symphyses 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

symporter 5.3 Active Transport

synapses 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

Synapsids 29.4 Reptiles

synapsis 11.1 The Process of Meiosis

synaptic cleft 35.2 How Neurons Communicate

synaptic signal 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

synaptic vesicles 35.2 How Neurons Communicate

synaptonemal complex 11.1 The Process of Meiosis

synarthrosis 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

synchondrosis 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

syncytium 28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans, 28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades

Syndesmoses 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

synergid 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure

Synovial joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

syrinx 29.5 Birds

system 34.4 Digestive System Regulation

Systematics 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

systemic circulation 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System

systems biology 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics

systole 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

T

T cells 42.1 Innate Immune Response

Tachyglossidae 29.6 Mammals

taiga 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes

tap root system 30.3 Roots

target cells 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors

tarsals 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

tastants 36.3 Taste and Smell

taste bud 36.3 Taste and Smell

taxis 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

taxon 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

Taxonomy 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth

TCA cycle 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle

tectorial membrane 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

tegmen 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

teloblastic growth 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

telomerase 14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes

Telophase 10.2 The Cell Cycle

Telophase and Cytokinesis 10.2 The Cell Cycle

Temperate forests 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes

Temperate grasslands 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes

template strand 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription

temporal 35.3 The Central Nervous System

Temporal fenestrae 29.4 Reptiles

temporal isolation 18.2 Formation of New Species

Tendrils 30.2 Stems

terminal bronchioles 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

Terrestrial biomes 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes

terrestrial hypothesis 29.5 Birds

Tertiary consumers 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

tertiary structure 3.4 Proteins

test cross 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

testa 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

testes 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

Testosterone 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction

tests 23.3 Groups of Protists

Testudines 29.4 Reptiles

tetrads 11.1 The Process of Meiosis

Tetrapod 29.1 Chordates

thalamus 35.3 The Central Nervous System

Thalassemia 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids

The chaparral 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes

theory 1.1 The Science of Biology

thermocline 44.2 Biogeography

Thermodynamics 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics

thermoregulation 33.3 Homeostasis

Thick filaments 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

Thigmomorphogenesis 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

thigmonastic 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

thigmotropism 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

Thin filaments 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

thoracic cage 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

Thorns 30.2 Stems

thylakoid lumen 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis

thylakoids 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis

thymus 37.5 Endocrine Glands

thyroglobulin 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

thyroid gland 37.5 Endocrine Glands

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

thyroxine 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

Ti plasmids 17.1 Biotechnology

tibia 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

Tidal volume (TV) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

tight junction 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities

tissues 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

tobacco mosaic disease 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

tonic activity 36.5 Vision

Tonicity 5.2 Passive Transport

Torpor 33.1 Animal Form and Function

torsion 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

total lung capacity (TLC) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

trabeculae 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues, 38.2 Bone

trachea 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

Tracheids 30.2 Stems

tracheophytes 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants

tragedy of the commons 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity

trait 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability

trans 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins

trans fat 3.3 Lipids

transcription 3.5 Nucleic Acids

transcription bubble. 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription

transcription factors 16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation

transcriptional 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression

transcriptional start site 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

transduction 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

Transfer RNA (tRNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids

transformation 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding, 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

transgenic 17.1 Biotechnology

transition state 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy

Transition substitution 14.6 DNA Repair

Transitional 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues

translation 3.5 Nucleic Acids

translational 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression

translocation 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders, 30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants

translocations 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

transpiration 30.2 Stems, 30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants, 30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants

transport maximum 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

transport proteins 5.2 Passive Transport

transporters 5.3 Active Transport

transverse plane 33.1 Animal Form and Function

Transversion substitution 14.6 DNA Repair

triacylglycerols 3.3 Lipids

Triassic–Jurassic 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis

Trichomes 30.2 Stems

tricuspid valve 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

triglycerides 3.3 Lipids

triiodothyronine 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes

triploblasts 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals

trisomy 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

trochophore larva 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

trophic level 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems

trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems

trophoblast 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development

Tropical wet forests 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes

Tropomyosin 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

Troponin 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

trypsin 34.3 Digestive System Processes

Tryptophan 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

tryptophan (trp) operon 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

tube feet 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia

Tubers 30.2 Stems

tubular reabsorption 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

tubular secretion 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

Tumor suppressor genes 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle

tunicates 29.1 Chordates

tympanum 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

U

ubiquinone 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation

ulna 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

ultrasound 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

umami 36.3 Taste and Smell

unidirectionally 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System

unified cell theory 4.1 Studying Cells

uniporter 5.3 Active Transport

unsaturated 3.3 Lipids

untranslated regions 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation

up-regulation 37.2 How Hormones Work

urate salts 29.5 Birds

urea cycle 41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes

ureotelic 41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes

ureter 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

uric acid 41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes

urinary bladder 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

urine 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

Urochordata 29.1 Chordates

Urodela 29.3 Amphibians

uropygial gland 29.5 Birds

uterus 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

V

vaccination 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections

Vaccines 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections

vacuoles 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

vagina 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

valence shell 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

van der Waals interactions 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

variable 1.1 The Science of Biology

variants 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

variation 18.1 Understanding Evolution

vasa recta 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

vascular bundle 30.1 The Plant Body

vascular cylinder 30.1 The Plant Body

vascular stele 30.1 The Plant Body

vascular tissue 30.1 The Plant Body

vasoconstriction 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

vasodilation 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

vasodilator 41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions

vasopressin 41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions

vein 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants

Veins 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

veliger 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

velum 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria

venation 30.4 Leaves

venous P CO 2 P CO 2 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

venous P O 2 P O 2 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch 39.3 Breathing

ventral cavity 33.1 Animal Form and Function

ventricle 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System

ventricles 35.3 The Central Nervous System

venules 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

vernalization 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization

vertebrae 29.1 Chordates

vertebral column 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

vertical transmission 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts

Vesicles 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells

Vessel elements 30.2 Stems

Vestibular sensation 36.1 Sensory Processes

vestigial structures 18.1 Understanding Evolution

viable-but-non-culturable 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity

vicariance 18.2 Formation of New Species

villi 34.1 Digestive Systems

viral receptors 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

virions 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

Viroids 21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids

virus core 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification

visceral mass 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids, 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids

Vision 36.5 Vision

vital capacity (VC) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

Vitamins 34.2 Nutrition and Energy Production

viviparity 43.2 Fertilization

vomerine teeth 29.3 Amphibians

W

Water potential 30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants

wavelength 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

weather 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

web of life 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree

Wetlands 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

whisk ferns 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants

white blood cells 40.2 Components of the Blood

white-nose syndrome 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity

Whole-genome sequencing 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing

whorled 30.4 Leaves

wild type 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

wildlife corridors 47.4 Preserving Biodiversity

X

X inactivation 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

X-linked 12.2 Characteristics and Traits

Xylem 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants

Y

yolk sac 29.4 Reptiles

Z

zero population growth 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth

zona pellucida 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development

Zoology 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

Zoonoses 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans

zoonotic diseases 29.5 Birds

Zooplankton 44.4 Aquatic Biomes

Zygomycota 24.2 Classifications of Fungi

zygospores 24.2 Classifications of Fungi

License

Icon for the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Biology 2e for Biol 111 and Biol 112 Copyright © 2023 by Mary Ann Clark; Jung Choi; and Matthew Douglas is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book